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Dassanayake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1995). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon,volume IX. New Delhi: Amerind.Dassanayake, M. D. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1996). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, Volume X. New Delhi:Oxford IBH.Dassanayake, M. D. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1997). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, volume XI. NewDelhi: Oxford IBH.Dassanayake, M. D. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1998). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, volume XII. NewDelhi: Oxford IBH.Dassanayake, M. D. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1999). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, volume XIII. NewDelhi: Oxford IBH.Dassanayake, M. D. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (2000). A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon, volume XIV. NewDelhi: Oxford IBH.Dawundasekara, D. M. N. P. K. & de Silva, A., (2010). Observations of the habitat of Polypedates eques (Anura:Rhacophoridae). The Biological Diversity of Mihintale: With special reference to its herpetofauna. Lyriocephalusspecial issue, 7(1&2), pp.175-176.de Alwis, K. A., Eriyagama, G. J., (1969). Some observations on soil vegetation relationships in the lowland dry zoneof Sri Lanka. The Ceylon Forester, IX(1&2), pp.53-64.de Silva, A. & de Silva, P., (1994). Preliminary Observationson the Natural History of Ramanella obscura (Amphibia:Microhylidae). Lyriocephalus, 1(1), pp.33-37.de Silva, A. & de Silva, P., (1995). Some observations on Kaloula taprobanica (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) inSri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 1(1&2), pp.48-51.de Silva, A., (1996). The Herpetofauna of Sri Lanka: a review. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature ProtectionSociety of Sri Lanka, 20(3), pp.121-125.de Silva, A., (1997). Lankascincus taprobanensis (Kelaart, 1854) a skink with a prehensile tail. Lyriocephalus, 3(2),pp.26-27.de Silva, A. & de Silva, P., (2001). Some observatioins on the spawn and larval successof Polypedates crucigerBlyth, 1852. in Gampola Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 4(1&2), pp.28-35.de Silva, A., Rajapaksa, R. P. V. J. & Karunaratne, S., (2001). Preliminary observation of the proteocephalancestodes from Polypedates eques inhabiting the Horton Plains National Park. Lyriocephalus, 4(1&2), pp.163-165.de Silva, A., (2001a). Folklore, traditions and proverbs about amphibians in Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 4(1&2),pp.168-170.de Silva, A., (2001b). Preliminary observation of the amphibian fauna of Horton plain National Park. Lyriocephalus,4(1&2), pp.64-88.de Silva, A., (2001c). Species specific factors preventing predator detection of microhyla zelanica at Horton PlainsNational Park. Lyriocephalus, 4(1&2), pp.141-144.de Silva, A., (2003). The biology and status of the Star Tortoise in Sri Lanka. Peradeniya: Amphibia and ReptilesResearch Organization of Sri Lanka,de Silva, A. et al., (2004). The diversity of Nilgala Forest, Sri Lanka, with special refernce to its Herpetofauna. TheHerpetology Of Sri Lanka: Current Research (including the Proceedings of the Fourth World Congress OfHerpetology, Sri Lankan papers and Nilgala Expedition papers). Lyriocephalus Special Issue, 5(1&2), pp.164- 182.de Silva, A. et al., (2010a). Some Malformations in Amphibians observed at Mihintale. The Biological Diversity ofMihintale with special reference to its herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus special issue, 7(1&2), pp.21-24.de Silva, A. et al., (2010b). Recent obsservations of the mugger crocodile at Ruhuna National Park: The biologicalDiversity of Mihintale: With special reference to its Herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus Special issue, 07(1&2), p.192.de Silva, A. et al., (2010c). Some Notes on Eutropis tammanna from Sri Lanka: The Biological Diversity of Mihintale:With special reference to its Herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus Special issue, 07(1&2), p.67.de Silva, A. et al., (2010d). The Marsh crocodile in human habitats in Ampara District, Sri Lanka: The biologicalDiversity of Mihintale: With special reference to its Herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus Special issue, 07(1&2), p.201.de Silva, A. et al., (2010e). Some observations on the water snake Acrochordus granulatus in Sri Lanka: TheBiological Diversity of Mihintale: With special reference to its Herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus Special issue,07(1&2), p. 203-204.de Silva, A., Liyanaarachchi, D. & Rajapakse, R. P. V. J., (2010). First report of tick attack on an amphibian(Duutaphrynus melanostictus: Family Bufonidae) from Sri Lanka. The Biological Diversity of Mihintale: Withspecial reference to its herpetofauna. Lyriocephalus special issue, 7(1&2), pp.179-180.356
de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M. N. P. K., (2010). Ramanella palmata (Anura: Microhylidae): Additionalobservations. The Biological Diversity of Mihintale with special reference to its herpetofauna. Lyriocephalusspecial issue, 7(1&2), p.177.de Silva, J., (1995). Indigenous people and their close association with plant resources. Loris, Journal of the Wildlifeand Nature Protection Society of Sri Lanka, 20(6), pp. 260-265.de Silva, M. & de Silva, P. K., (1998). Status, diversity and conservation of the mangrove forests of Sri Lanka.Journal of South Asian Natural History, 3(1), pp.79-102.de Silva, M. & de Silva, P. K., (2004). The Yala Wildlife Reserves Bio Diversity and Ecology. Colombo: WHTPublications (Private) Limited.De Silva, M. & Premachandra, S. P. U., (1998). An ecological study of the sand-dune vegetation of the RuhunaNational Park, Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History, 3(2), pp.173-192.De Silva, M. P., (1998). Biodiversity in the catchment of Hiyare Resevoir. In: University of Sri Jayewardenepura,the 2 nd Annual Forestry Symposium. Kalutara, Sri Lanka, 1996. Department of Forestry and EnvironmentalScience, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka, (Proceedings) pp.237-247.De Silva, P. H. D. H., (1980). Notes on the Fauna collected from the Hunuwela Escarpment and from the UpperReaches of the Hunuwela Ganga (Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Ceylon). Spollia Zeylanica,30(1), pp.55-61.De Zoysa, N. D., Gunatilake, C. V. S. & Gunatilake, I. A. U. N., (1989). Secondry vegetation on and abanded shifitingcultivation site in the sinharaja forest. Sri Lanka Forester, XIX(1&2), pp.3-16.De Zoysa, N. D., Gunatilleke, C. V. S. & Gunatilleke, I. A. U. N., (1986). Vegetation studies of a Skid-Trial plantedwith Mahogany in Sinharaja. Sri Lanka Forester, XVII(3&4), pp.142-156.De Zoysa, N. D., (1986). Studies on the Storage, Germination and Initial Development of Doona tapezifolia. The SriLanka Forester, XVII(3&4 new series), pp.116-137.De Zoysa, N. D., Gunatilake, C. V. S. & Gunatilake, I. A. U. N., (1998). Diversity of Understory Vegetation inSinharaja. Sri Lanka Forester, XVIII(3&4), pp. 121-130.Department of Wildlife Conservation., (2007a). Biodiversity Baseline Survey: Peak Wilderness National Park. [pdf]Colombo: Department of Wildlife Conservation. Available at: [Accessed 9 December 2010].Department of Wildlife Conservation., (2007b). Biodiversity Baseline Survey: Wasgamuwa National Park. [pdf]Colombo: Department of Wildlife Conservation. Available at: [Accessed 9 December 2010].Deraniyagala, P. E. P., (1960). Some Southern Temperate Zone Snakes, Birds and Whales that enter the CeylonArea. Spolia Zelanica, 29(1), pp.79-85Dharmaratnam, M., Vijitha, M. & Shiyanthan, V., (2004). A review of Amphibians of the Batticaloa and AmparaDistricts Sri Lanka. Lyriocephalus, 5(1&2), pp.27-31.Dharmasena, C., (1989). The Highland Ceylon Slender Loris. Loris, Journal of the Wildlife and Nature ProtectionSociety of Sri Lanka, 18(3), pp.141-142.Dias, R. K. S., (2002) Taxonomic study of foraging worker ants collected from Gampaha and other selected districtsof the wet zone.Dias, R. K. S., (2007). Taxonomic study of the worker ants collected from Ratnapura district and a survey on thedistribution and relative abundance of Aneuretus simoni. Emery. In: Ratnapura district. Final report of NSP.Dias, R. K. S., (2010). Taxonomic study of worker ants in several districts in the dry zone/ intermediate zone andprearation of a database of ants in Sri Lanka.Dilhan, M. A. A. B., (2005).Vegetation structure and floristic composition in the irrigation extension area of the lowerWalawe Basin Sri Lanka. M.Phil. University of Peradeniya.Dimitrov, D., Benjamin, S. P. & Hormiga, G., (2009). A revised phylogenetic analysis for the spider genus ClitaetraSimon, 1889 (AraneaE, Araneoidea, Nephilidae) with the first description of the male of the Sri Lankan speciesClitaetra thisbe Simon, 1903. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 159(6), pp.301–323.Diwakara, D. M. D. R. & Wickramasinghe, S., (2010). Conservation of communal roosting site of waterfowls: A casestudy in proposed Kotuattawala Nature Reserve Sri Lanka. In: Indian Institute of Science, Student Conferenceon Conservation Science: first conference. Bangalore, 16–18 June 2010. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Science.Dutta, S. K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. N., (1996). The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Wildlife HeritageTrust of Sri Lanka, p.230.Edirisinghe, J. P., Karunaratne, W. A. I. P. & Pauly, A., (2005). An Updated Checklist of Bees of Sri Lanka with NewRecords. MAB Checklist and Hand Book Series, 23, pp.1-23.357
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Page 329 and 330: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 365 and 366: Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367 and 368: PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370: Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372: Further, evaluation of the conserva
Page 373 and 374: MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
Page 375 and 376: Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378: ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379: Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 383 and 384: Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386: Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390: Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392: Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394: Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396: 1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398: Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400: Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402: Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404: Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406: Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408: References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410: Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412: Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414: Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416: Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418: Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420: Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422: DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424: Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426: Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428: Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430: Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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