in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Although the causal factors are not fully understood, widespread die-back could seriouslydamage the vegetation in these areas (Adikaram et al., 1999). Whether the die-back standsrepresent a senescing stage of the forest life cycle or whether it is due to human inducedenvironmental changes is not known. If it is a cyclic vegetational change where the gaps formedby die-back stands represent only a regenerative phase, it is not harmful to the vegetation.However, if the cycle is interrupted by an outside factor diverting it into a different directionthe existing vegetation will be affected. In other words, if an aggressive species invades thegaps the natural regeneration will not take place. Tussocks of Gawara Mana (Chrysopogonnodulibarbis) were observed in die back stands in the Horton Plains area, (Totapolakande andKirigalpotte) and in Pidurutalagala. On the peak of Hakgala Strict Natural Reserve also, thereis a small patch of grassland in the middle of a die-back stand.Since the montane forests and wet patana grasslands are present side by side, there is alwaysa chance for propagules from each type to cross their boundaries. The stand level die-back inthe upper altitudes of the montane forests in Sri Lanka can lead to a decrease in the biodiversity.Floristic composition and the structure of the affected areas will also be changed as a result. Moreresearch is needed to determine whether the edaphic factors in die-back stands are conduciveto the establishment of grassland species. In some areas in the montane zone, the origin ofgrassland could have been due to the stand level forest die-back (Wijesundara, 1991).In the montane region the boundary between forest and the grassland is sharp; this is true forother countries as well (Richards, 1963; Blasco, 1971). The sharpness of the edge of montaneforests is sometimes attributed to anthropogenic fire. Some speculate that in Sri Lanka thepresent line of demarcation of forest and grassland is not the original line but a result of humandisturbances at a later stage.Invasive speciesThe other serious threat to the montane vegetation is caused by the exotic species that haveescaped mainly from the Hakgala Botanic Gardens (Wijesundara, 1999). When a gap isformed in the forest there is always a possibility of an exotic species with higher reproductivevigour getting established there. This is taking place along the periphery of the Hakgala SNRand already there are populations of such species that have invaded into the reserve. In thesouthern areas there are large patches of Cestrum aurantiacum which sometimes spread intothe forest interior. The flowers of this species are pollinated by the endemic bird, Sri Lankawhite eye (Zosterops ceylonensis) and the seeds are dispersed by another endemic bird,Yellow-eared bulbul (Pycnonotus penicillatus). It will be interesting to study the effect of thechanges of food preferences of these birds on the regeneration of natural forest plant species(Wijesundara, 1991).Almost all the foot paths in open areas and even the streams of some motane forests are linedwith such exotic weeds as Ageratina riparia and Aristea ecklonii. Aristea ecklonii is also foundin more open areas such as hill tops and grassland. More recently several other invasivespecies were observed in the montane region. These include Calliandra calothyrsus, Miconiacalvescens, Psidium litorale, Pennisetum clandestinum, and Austroeupatorium inulifolium. Theeffects of these alien species on the local vegetation should be an important study.184
Conservation of our mountain forests for future has now become a priority more than in anyother time. Since it is a rapidly dwindling natural resource, timely steps should be taken toprevent the destruction of what is remaining. If not, this important eco-system would disappearfrom earth even before the intricacies of it are fully understood.Conservation of our montane forests for future has now become a priority more than in anyother time. Since it is a rapidly dwindling natural resource, timely steps should be taken toprevent the destruction of what is remaining; if not, this important eco-system would disappearfrom the earth even before the intricacies of it are fully understood.ReferencesAdikaram, N. K. B., K. B. Ranawana, and A. Weerasooriya. 1999. Forest Dieback in Horton Plains National Park,Protected Area Management & Wildlife Conservation Project, Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka.Blasco, F. 1971. Montagnes Du Sud de L’Inde. Inst. Franc. De Pondicherry. Trav. Sect. Scient. Techn. 10, (1) 436 pDe Rosayro, R. A. 1946. The montane grassland (patanas) of Ceylon. Tropical Agriculturist, Vol. CII,No. 1, 4-16 pp.Gunawardena, E. R. N., I. R. Calder, P. T .W. Rosier and N. Chandrasiri. 1998. Hydrological importance of HortonPlains. In:Proceedings of the final workshop of the University of Peradeniya-Oxford Forestry Institute LinkProject (Ed: H.P.M.Gunasena), July 1998. pp: 45-63.Holmes, C. H. 1948. Some forestry problems in Ceylon and the search for their solution. Proceedings of the 4thAnnual Session of the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science 41-68 pp.Holmes, C. H. 1956. The broad pattern of climate and vegetational distribution in Ceylon. The Ceylon Forester, 2,4 (N.S.), 207-225 pp.MENR 2009. Sri Lanka Environment Outlook. Ministry of environment and UNEP. 140 p.Peeris, C. V. S. 1975. The ecology of endemic tree species in Sri Lanka in relation to their conservation. Ph.D.thesis, University of Aberdeen, U.K.Perera, W. R. H. 1978 Totapolakande: an environmental disaster. Sri Lanka Forester, 13 (3-4), (N.S.), 53-55 pp.Ranasinghe, P.N., G. W. A. R. Fernando, M. D. N. R. Wimalasena, S. P. Ekanayake and Y. P. S. Siriwardana.(2009). Dieback in Tropical Montane Forests of Sri Lanka: Anthopogenic or natural phenomenon? Journal ofGeological Society of Sri Lanka Vol. 13 (2009), 23-45 pp.Richards, P. W. 1963 Ecological notes on the West African vegetation. Journal of Ecology, 51 (3), 529-554 pp.Vitanage, P.W. 1970. A study of the geomorphology and morphotectonics of Ceylon. Proc. SecondSeminar on geochemical prospecting methods and techniques ECTFT/UNESCO GSM (2),89-25-11. 391-405 pp.Wadia, D.N. 1941 The making of Ceylon. Spolia Zeylanica. National Museum of Ceylon Publ. Colombo. 23, 1-7 pp.Werner, W.L., 1988. Canopy dieback in the upper Montane rin forests of Sri Lanka. Geojournal17(2): 245-248Wijesundara, D. S. A. 1991 Phytosociology of a Montane Forest in Sri Lanka. M.Phil Thesis, University of Peradeniya165 pWijesundara D. S. A. and D. Samarasinghe. 1993. Disturbed grasslands in Horton Plains National Park. ProcSLAAS. 49.Wijesundara, D. S. A. 1999 Alien Invasive Species in Sri Lanka and their history of introduction. In Marambe, B (ed).Proceedings of the First national Workshop on Alien Invasive Species. Ministry of Forestry and Environment,Sri Lanka 25-27 pp.Wijesundara, D. S. A. 2003. Dieback in the Montane forests of Sri Lanka. In Hitinayake, G. (Ed.). Proceedings ofthe workshop on forest dieback at central highland ecosystems. Sri Lanka Association of Advancement ofScience. 4-11 pp.Willis, J. C. 1908 The floras of Hill Tops in Ceylon. . Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. 4. (4) 131-138 pp.185
Page 3 and 4:
The National Red List 2012of Sri La
Page 5:
Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 8 and 9:
Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
Page 10 and 11:
FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
Page 12 and 13:
Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
Page 14 and 15:
AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
Page 16 and 17:
AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
Page 18 and 19:
Message of the Secretary, Ministry
Page 20 and 21:
Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
Page 22 and 23:
Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
Page 25 and 26:
The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 27 and 28:
Changes in water sources, such as d
Page 29 and 30:
Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
Page 31 and 32:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 33 and 34:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
Page 39 and 40:
Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
Page 41 and 42:
Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
Page 47 and 48:
Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
Page 49 and 50:
Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
Page 51 and 52:
DistributionThe distribution of but
Page 53 and 54:
Another threat of increasing import
Page 55 and 56:
van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
DistributionSpiders are found in al
Page 69 and 70:
Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
Page 85 and 86:
ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
Page 87 and 88:
Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
ConservationSurvival of highly dive
Page 93 and 94:
Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
fish species such as Chitala chital
Page 105 and 106:
Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
of the original forest cover has no
Page 115 and 116:
Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
The crocodile populations are under
Page 127 and 128:
Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
Page 139 and 140:
espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142:
AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 159 and 160: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 161 and 162: Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178: Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194: Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200: Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 211 and 212: (saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214: category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216: and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218: IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219 and 220: - With the introduction of exotic a
Page 221 and 222: Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
Page 223 and 224: decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226: Currently, at a global level, new k
Page 227 and 228: Conservation prioritiesIn order to
Page 229 and 230: Table 15: Summary of the Status of
Page 231 and 232: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 233 and 234: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 259 and 260:
Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367 and 368:
PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370:
Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372:
Further, evaluation of the conserva
Page 373 and 374:
MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
Page 375 and 376:
Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378:
ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380:
Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382:
de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384:
Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386:
Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388:
Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390:
Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392:
Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394:
Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396:
1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398:
Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400:
Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402:
Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404:
Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406:
Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408:
References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410:
Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412:
Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414:
Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416:
Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418:
Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420:
Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422:
DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424:
Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426:
Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428:
Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430:
Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
Page 431 and 432:
Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
Page 433 and 434:
References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
Page 435 and 436:
Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
Page 437 and 438:
ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
Page 439 and 440:
Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
Page 441 and 442:
Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
Page 443 and 444:
Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
Page 445 and 446:
1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
Page 447 and 448:
Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
Page 449 and 450:
Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
Page 451 and 452:
Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
Page 453 and 454:
1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
Page 455 and 456:
Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
Page 457 and 458:
Tropical agricultural research. 20:
Page 459 and 460:
Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
Page 461 and 462:
Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
Page 463 and 464:
Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
Page 465 and 466:
Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
Page 467 and 468:
A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
Page 469 and 470:
Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
Page 471 and 472:
9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
Page 473 and 474:
Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
Page 475 and 476:
Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
show all

in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?