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Conclusions and RecommendationsLowland rainforests, sub-montane and montane forests are the major natural vegetationtypes supporting the biodiversity of Pteridophytes in Sri Lanka. However, these ecosystemsare heavily affected by various biotic and abiotic influences and already highly fragmented.Increasing population pressure and climate change further worsen the situation. These factshighlight the importance of conserving the remaining forest ecosystems of the wet zone ofthe country. It is also essential to conduct further research to fill the gaps of knowledge ofSri Lankan pteridophytes which will provide a basis to resolve many of the taxonomic andconservation issues pteridophytes face today.ReferencesAbeywickrama, B.A. (1956). The Genera of Ceylon Pteridophytes. The Ceylon Journal of Science (BiologicalScience) 13(1): 1-30.Abeywickrama, B.A. (1964). The Pteridophytes of the Knuckles region. The Ceylon Journal of Science (BiologicalScience) 5(1): 18-29.Abeywickrama, B.A. (1978). A checklist of the Pteridophytes of Sri Lanka. National Science Council of Sri Lanka,Colombo, Sri Lanka.Abeywickrama, B.A. and Dassanayeke, M.D. (1956). Crepidomanes bilabiatum (Neem et Bl.) Copel. A fern new toCeylon from Ritigala. The Ceylon Journal of Science (A). 13(1): 1-2.Abeywickrama, B.A. and De Fonseka, R.N. (1975). The Ceylon Ophioglossaceae. The Ceylon Journal of Science(Biological Science) 10(2): 132-142.Beddome, R.H. (1883). Handbook of the ferns of British India, Ceylon and the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Todayand Tomorrow's Printers and Publishers. New Delhi.Christenhusz, J.M., Zhang, X-C and Schneider, H. (2011). A linear sequence of extant families and genera oflycophytes and ferns. Phylotaxa 19:7-54.Dhanasekara, D.M.U.B. (Undated). Current taxonomic status of fern in Sri Lanka. Royal Botanical Garden,Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Unpublished and available at the Royal Botanical Garden, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka(available at the Royal Botanical Garden, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka).Dassanayake, M.D. (1964). The development of buds of the Polypodium vulgare. The Ceylon Journal of Science(Biological Science) 5(1): 30-37.Fernando, B. (2002). Ferns of Sri Lanka. The fern Society of Sri Lanka. Katuneriya, Sri Lanka.Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. (1984). An introduction to ferns genera of the Indian subcontinent. Bulletin of British Museumnatural History (Botany) 12(2): 37-76.Herat, T.R. and Rathnayake, P. (2003). An illustrated guide to the fern flora of Knuckles conservation area. ForestDepartment, Digana.Jayasekara, P. (1996). The Hymenophyllaceae of Sri Lanka. In: J.M. Camus, M. Gibby and R.T. Johns (eds.).Pteridology in Perspective, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 173-174.Jayasekera, P.W.B. and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (1993). A herbarium survey of Pteridophytes of Sri Lanka. Proceedingsof the Forty Ninth Annual Session of the Sri Lanka Association for the Advancement of Science, December1993. Part 1-Abstracts. Vidya Mandiraya, Vidya Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka. pp. 66.Jayasekara, P., Herat, R.T. and Weerasinghe. (1996). Rediscovery of three rare ferns species from low land rainforest. PHYTA 4(1): 47-51.Linnaeus, C. (1747). Flora Zeylanica. Laurentius Salvius, Holmaiae.Manton, I. (1953). The cytological evolution of the fern flora of Ceylon. Symposia Society of Experimental Biology7: 174-175.Manton, I. and Sledge, W.A. (1954). Observations on the cytological and taxonomy of the Pteridophyte flora ofCeylon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 238 (654):127-185.\Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Wijesundera, D.S.A., Dhanasekara, D.M.U.B. and Gunawardena, H.G.(2004) Biodiversity of Pteridophyta in Kanneliya Man and Biosphere Reserve. The Sri Lanka Forester 27:1-10.152
Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G, and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (2008a). Present status of taxonomic researchand conservation of endemic pteridophytes in Sri Lanka. In: Amoroso, V.B. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 4 thSymposium on Asian Pteridology and Garden Show. Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon,Philippines. pp. 84-93.Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Wijesundara, D.S.A. and Dhanasekara, D.M.U.B. (2008b). Domesticationof Cyathea walkerae Hook. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Science 45: 47-58.Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Janssen, T., Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (2010a).Cyathea sledgei Ranil et al., (Cyatheaceae): A new species of tree-fern from Sri Lanka. Fern Gazette 18(7):318-325.Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Janssen, T., Wijesundara, D.S.A. and Dhanasekara, D.M.U.B. (2010b).Cyathea srilankensis Ranil: a new tree fern species from Sri Lanka. American Fern Journal 100(1): 39-44.Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Fraser-Jenkins, C.R., and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (2010c). Presumedextinctions in the pteridophyte flora of Sri Lanka. Presented at the 5 th symposium on Asian Pteridology heldfrom 15 th –21 st November 2010 in the Shenzhen Fairylake Botanical Garden, Scenzhen, China. Organized bythe Chinese Fern Society and Fairylake Botanical Garden, China. pp. 41-42.Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Janssen, T., Fraser-Jenkins, C.R. and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (2011).Conservation priorities for tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) in Sri Lanka. Taiwania 56(3): 201-209.Ranil, R.H.G., Fraser-Jenkins, C.R., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.G., Parris, B.S. and Wijesundara, D.S.A. (in prep.).A revised checklist of endemic Pteridophyte flora of Sri Lanka: Taxonomy, geographical distribution andconservation status. American Fern Journal.Shaffer-Fehre, M. (ed.). (2006). A revised handbook of the flora of Ceylon. Volumes XV: Pteridophyta (ferns and fernallies). Amrind Publishing Company Private Limited, New Delhi, India.Sledge, W.A. (1982). An annotated checklist of the Pteridophyta of Ceylon. Botanical Journal of the LinnaeanSociety 84: 1-30.153
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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Page 125 and 126: The crocodile populations are under
Page 127 and 128: Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
Page 129 and 130: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 137 and 138: Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
Page 139 and 140: espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142: AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 159 and 160: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 161 and 162: Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194: Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200: Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210: Conservation of our mountain forest
Page 211 and 212: (saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214: category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216: and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218: IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219 and 220: - With the introduction of exotic a
Page 221 and 222: Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
Page 223 and 224: decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226: Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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