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Conservation issues pertaining to mammals of Sri LankaEven though many, perhaps most, of the mammals show a wide distribution within Sri Lanka, amajority of the endemic and threatened mammals are confined to the wet zone and especially,the montane zone where habitat loss and degradation are taking place at a rapid rate.Furthermore, fragmentation of habitats also has a detrimental effect on mammal populations,especially small mammals who have low mobility. Expansion of human settlements intoforested areas has resulted in an influx of pest species (house rat and brown rat) and domesticpredators (cat and dog) into the remaining natural habitats. These compete with indigenousspecies as well as increase the predator pressure on already stressed natural populations.A number of small predators, such as the fishing cat and the mongoose, live in small urbanforests and marshes which are at risk of being converted to human use, endangering thesesmall urban populations. Increased mortality due to hunting and conflict also remains a majorconcern, especially for the large charismatic species.References:Bates, P. J. J. & Harrison, D. L., (1997). Bats of the Indian sub-continent. London: Harrison Zoological Museum.Chakraborty, S., Sirinivasalu, C., Sirinivasalu, B., Pradhan, M. S. & Nameer, P. O., (2004). Checklist of insectivores(Mammalia: Insectivora) of South Asia. Zoos Print Journal, 19(2), pp.1361-1371.Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E., (1992). Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.Deraniyagala, P. E. P., (1958). Ceylon Administration Reports for 1957 (Part IV) Education E3-E23 Part 1.Deraniyagala, P. E. P., (1964). Some aspects of the Fauna of Ceylon. Journal Ceylon Branch of the Royal AsiaticSociety, 9(1), pp.165-220Dissanayake, R. & Tatsuo, O., (2012). The systematics of the dusky striped squirrel Funambulus sublineatus(Waterhouse, 1838) (Rodentia: Sciuridae) and its relationship to Layard’s Squirrel Funambulus layardi Blyth1849. J. Nat. Hist., 46(1-2), pp.91-116Eisenberg, J. F. & Mckay, G. M., (1970). An annotated checklist of the recent mammals of Ceylon with keys tospecies. Ceylon Journal of Science, 8(2), pp.69-99.Ellerman, J. R., (1961). The fauna of India including Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon: Mammalia, Rodentia. Volume 3.2nd Edition. Culcutta: Zoological Survey of India.Ellerman, J. R. & Morrison-Scott, T. C. S., (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals. 2nd Edition.London: British museum of Natural History.Groves, C. P. & Meijaard, E., (2005). Interspecific variation in Moschiola, the Indian chevrotain. Raffles Bulletin ofZoology, 12, pp.413-421.Groves, C. P. & Rajapaksha, C. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K., (2009). The taxonomy of the endemic golden palmcivet of Sri Lanka. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, pp.238–251.Hill, J. E., (1980). The mammals of Sri Lanka. Spolia Zeylanica, 35, pp.203-211.Hill, W. C. O., (1939). A revised checklist of the mammals of Ceylon. Ceylon Journal of Science, 21(2), pp.139-184.Kelaart, E. F., (1852). Prodromus Faunae Zeylanicae: Being contributions to the Zoology of Ceylon. Colombo:Printed for the Author.Marshall, J. T. Jr., (1977). A synopsis of Asian species of Mus (Rodentia: Muridae). Bulletin of the American Museumof Natural History, 158, pp.173-220.Mckay, G. M., (1984). Ecology and biogeography of mammals. In: C.H. Fernando. ed. 1984. Biogeography andEcology of Sri Lanka. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, pp.413-429.Meegaskumbura, S., Meegaskumbura, M., Pethiyagoda, R., Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Schneider, C. J., (2007).Crocidura hikmiya, a new shrew (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa, 1665, pp.19–30Moore, J. C., (1960). Squirrel geography of the Indian subregion. Systematic Zoology, 9(1), pp.1-17.Muller-Dombois, D. & Sirisena, V. A., (1967). Climate map of Ceylon. Colombo: Ceylon Survey Department, Ceylon.Musser, G. G., (1981). Results of the Archbold expeditions number 105. Notes on sytematics of Indo-malayan muridrodents, and descriptions of new genera and species from Ceylon, Sulawesi, and the Philippines. Bulletin ofthe American Museum of Natural History, 168, pp.225-234.136
Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual of the Mammals of Ceylon- Ceylon Journal of Science. London: Dulau & Company.Pradhan, M. S., Sharma, R. M. & Shanker, K., (1997). First record of Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew Feroculusferoculus (Kelaart) from peninsular India. Mammalia, 61(3), pp.448-450.Shanker, K. & Sukumar, R., (1998). Community structure and demography of small-mammal populations in insularmontane forests in southern India. Oecologia, 116, pp.243-251.Sirinivasalu, C. & Pradhan, M. S., (2003). Checklist of murids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Muridae) of South Asia. ZoosPrint Journal, 18(12), pp.1286-1310.Sirinivasalu, C. & Jordan, M. J. R., (2004). Checklist of dipodids, myoxids, and hystricids (Mammalia: Rodentia:Dipodidae, Myoxidae, and Hystricidae) of South Asia. Zoos Print Journal, 19(2), pp.1346-1350.Sirinivasalu, C. & Sirinivasalu, B., (2004). Checklist of scandents and pholidots (Mammalia: Scandentia andPholidota) of South Asia. Zoos Print Journal, 19(2), pp.1372-1374.Sirinivasalu, C., Chakraborty, S. & Pradhan, M. S., (2004a). Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae)of South Asia. Zoos Print Journal, 19(2), pp.1351-1360.Sirinivasalu, C., Sirinivasalu, B., Chakraborty, S., Pradhan, M. S. & Nameer, P. O., (2004b). Checklist of lagomorphs(Mammalia: Lagomorpha) of South Asia. Zoos Print Journal, 19(2), pp.1375-1380.Walker, S. & Molur, S., (2003). Summary of the status of the South Asian primates - Extracted from the Status ofSouth Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Work shop report 2003.Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation and CBSG-South Asia and WILD.Notes on the Marine Mammals of Sri LankaThe maritime zone of Sri Lanka is inhabited by 30 species of marine mammals. Even though it has beenknown that marine mammals inhabited the ocean around Sri Lanka as far back as the 14th centurybased on the writings of the travelers, the scientific study of the marine mammals has only begun in the1980’s. Therefore, what is known about the diversity, ecology and conservation of marine mammals isbased on information gathered by research carried out during the last three decades. The 30 speciesof marine mammals recorded in Sri Lankan waters are classified under two orders, Cetartiodactyla(includes 29 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises in five families) and Sirenia (includes 1 speciesof Dugong).As indicated above, the research studies on Marine Mammals in Sri Lanka has only started duringthe last three decades. Even these are mostly short-term studies due to funding restrictions, logisticalrestrictions in studying large ranging oceanic animals and lack of access to certain parts of the oceandue to security reasons. However, in order to reach a clear understanding of large ranging mammalssuch as whales and dolphins long term studies are necessary. Due to the lack of information, the nationalstatus of marine mammals has not been assessed and only their global status is listed in this paper.The biggest threat to the marine mammals inhabiting the oceans around Sri Lanka is posed by thefisheries industry. Large numbers of Dolphins and Dugongs are killed each year both directly andindirectly (by-catch) by fisherman. In addition, increased shipping traffic, marine pollution by both landbased and marine based sources, habitat destruction, especially shallow near shore habitats such assea grass beds are the other major threats faced by marine mammals. Even though Sri Lanka’s maritimezone is nearly eight times larger than its land area, there is a major discrepancy in the allocation of areasfor conservation as evidenced by the fact that there are only four Marine Protected Areas in Sri Lankaas opposed to more than 100 protected areas declared on land under the management of Departmentof Wildlife Conservation and Forest Department. These four protected areas are primarily aimed atconserving coral reefs and are poorly enforced at present.During the past decade Sri Lanka has gained a reputation as an ideal site for whale and dolphin watching,both among local and foreign tourists. However, at present there are no regulations in place to controlor monitor the whale watching industry and as such it may pose a major threat to the marine mammals,especially the larger whales. Lessons learned from other countries indicate that poorly regulated whalewatching can have adverse impacts on the marine mammal populations. As Sri Lanka plans to expandits tourist industry in the coming years, marine mammals can prove an important economic resource asit can be marketed as a major tourism experience. Therefore, it is critically important that Sri Lanka paysmore attention towards protecting its marine mammals.137
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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Page 109 and 110: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 113 and 114: of the original forest cover has no
Page 115 and 116: Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
Page 123 and 124: The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 125 and 126: The crocodile populations are under
Page 127 and 128: Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
Page 137 and 138: Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
Page 139 and 140: espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142: AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 159: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178: Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194: Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200: Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210: Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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