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Nearly 80% of the known crab species of Sri Lanka are restricted to the wet zone where 95%of the forest cover has been converted for human use during the last century. The remainingforests are also severely fragmented with three fragments (Knuckles, Sinharaja and PeakWilderness) accounting for half of the remaining forest cover and the balance are contained in> 100 fragments of varying size. Studies done in Brazil (Bierregaard et al., 2001; Ferraz et al.,2003) have shown that extreme rainforest fragmentation could lead to catastrophic declinesand extinction of species within a short period of time. Therefore, the long-term security of SriLanka’s biodiversity will depend on minimizing fragmentation impacts through effective landuseplanning and restoration initiatives while maximizing habitat connectivity between forestsites. Such goals can be met only through a policy framework built on sound scientific data,implemented through sustained, long-term financing mechanisms.Given the fact that conservation of freshwater crabs hinges almost entirely on preservingpatches of natural forest large enough to maintain good water quality, it is of concern that waterquality is deteriorating even in key natural habitats (Gunawardena et al., 1998). Many freshwatercrabs are extremely sensitive to polluted or silted waters and will not survive when exposed tothese factors. In Singapore for example, the small patch of primary forest of Bukit Timah Hill(~70 ha) has been sufficient to maintain a thriving population of the endemic potamid Johorasingaporensis (Ng, 1988; 1989; 1990). The same is also true for Parathelphusa reticulata,which is known to occur in only a small remnant patch of peat-swamp forest patch of less thanfive hectares (Ng, 1989; 1990). Decade-long monitoring of these populations demonstratesthat crab species will persist even in small habitat fragments if these are managed well, thoughexposed to extirpation by stochastic events (Brook et al., 2003).Recommended conservation actionsThe fact that exploration carried out during the last two decades alone has resulted in thedescription of 43 new species, provide strong support for the necessity of a national freshwatercrab survey, leading to a gap analysis and the identification of key habitats for conservationattention. It is also necessary to closely monitor at least the Critically Endangered species,especially to detect actions that could alter habitat, so that these could be treated before theyimpact on the population involved. Further, as discussed above, the long term conservation offreshwater crabs depends heavily on maintaining water quality of their habitat. Since one ofthe key drivers of freshwater habitat change is pesticides, it should become mandatory for allpesticides be assessed for impact on non-target organisms and the environment in general, andthe labeling of such products should include information on environmental safeguards beforebeing approved for use within Sri Lanka. Many of the freshwater crabs occur outside the protectedarea network in private lands (e.g. Perbrinckia armata, Perbrinckia callista and Clinothelphusakakoota). Therefore, introducing legal and institutional reforms necessary to engage localcommunities in the in situ conservation of point-endemic freshwater crabs is an important step. Atthe same time it is necessary to establish an ex situ management programme to maintain captivepopulations of at least the Critically Endangered species. Finally, lack of information on many ofthe freshwater crab species signifies the need for promoting further research and awarenesson this unique taxonomic group. Therefore, developing a user-friendly guide for identificationof freshwater crabs and conducting education and awareness programmes for school children,university students, policy makers and the civil society are also identified as key elements of asuccessful campaign to conserve the freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka.60
ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: environmental statistics [pdf]Available at: Anonymous, (1980). Control of Pesticides Act. Colombo: Government Publications Bureau.Bahir, M. M., (1998). Three new species of montane crabs of the genus Perbrinckia (Crustacea, Parathelphusidae)from the central mountains of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History, 3, pp.197–212.Bahir, M. M., (1999). Description of three new species of freshwater crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parathelphusidae:Ceylonthelphusa) from the south-western rain forests of Sri Lanka. Journal of South Asian Natural History, 4,pp.117–132.Bahir, M. M. & Ng, P. K. L., (2005). Description of ten new species of freshwater crabs (Parathelphusidae:Ceylonthelphusa, Mahatha, Perbrinckia) from Sri Lanka. In: D. C. J. Yeo, P. K. L. Ng & R. Pethiyagoda, eds.2005. Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement, 12, pp.47–75.Bahir, M. M. & Yeo, D. C. J., (2005). A revision of the genus Oziotelphusa Müller, 1887 (Crustacea: Decapoda:Parathelphusidae), with descriptions of eight new species In: D. C. J. Yeo, P. K. L. Ng & R. Pethiyagoda, eds.2005. Contributions to Biodiversity Exploration and Research in Sri Lanka. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,Supplement, 12, pp.77–120.Bierregaard, R. O., Gascon, C., Lovejoy T. E. & Masquita, R., (2001). Lessons from Amazonia: the ecology andconservation of a fragmented forest. New Haven: Yale University Press.Bossuyt, F., Meegaskumbura, M., Beenaerts, N., Gower, D. J., Pethiyagoda, R., Roelants, K., Mannaert, A.,Wilkinson, M., Bahir, M. M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Ng, P. K. L., Schneider, C. J., Oommen, O. V. &Milinkovitch, M. C., (2004). Local endemism within the Western Ghats–Sri Lanka Biodiversity Hotspot. Science,306(5695), pp.479–481.Bott, R., (1970). Die Süßwasserkrabben von Ceylon. Arkiv för Zoologi, 22, pp.627–640.Brook, B. W., Sodhi, N. S. & Ng, P. K. L., (2003). Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature,424, pp.420–423.Cincotta, R. P., Wisnewski, J. & Engelman, R., (2000). Human populations in the biodiversity hotspots. Nature, 404,pp.990–992.Dassanayake, M. D., Fossberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. eds., (1980–2004). A revised handbook to the flora ofCeylon. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Fernando, C. H., (1960). The Ceylonese Freshwater Crabs (Potamonidae). Ceylon Journal of Science (BiologicalSciences), 3(2), pp.191–222.Ferraz, G., Russel, G. J., Stouffer, P. C., Bierregaard, R. O., Pimm, S. L. & Lovejoy, T. E., (2003). Rates of speciesloss from Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, pp.14069–14073.Gunawardena, E. R. N., Rajapakshe, U., Nandasena, K. A. & Rosier, P. T. W., (1998). Water quality issues inthe uplands of Sri Lanka. In: H.P.M. Gunasena, ed., 1998. Proceedings of the final workshop: University ofPeradeniya— Oxford Forestry Institute Link Project. Peradeniya: Faculty of Agriculture, Univ. Peradeniya, pp.37–44.Hewawasam, T., von Blanckenburg, F., Schaller M. & Kubik, P., (2003). Increase of human over natural erosionrates in tropical highlands constrained by cosmogenic nuclides. Geology, 31(7), pp.597–600.Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyagoda, R., (2005). The Sri Lankan shrub-frogs of the genus PhilautusmGistel, 1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. In: D. C. J. Yeo, P. K. L. Ng &R. Pethiyagoda, eds., 2005. Contributions to biodiversity exploration and research in Sri Lanka. The RafflesBulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 12, pp.5–145.Meegaskumbura, M., Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Bowatte, G. & Meegaskumbura, S., (2012). Rediscovery ofPseudophilautus semiruber, a diminutive shrub frog (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka.Zootaxa, 3229, 58-68.Ng, P. K. L., (1988). The freshwater crabs of peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore: Department Zoology,National University of Singapore.Ng, P. K. L., (1989). Endemic freshwater crabs in Singapore: discovery, speciation and conservation. SingaporeInstitute of Biology Bulletin, 13, pp.4551.Ng, P. K. L., (1990). Endemic freshwater crabs and prawns of Singapore. In: L. M. Chou & P. K. L. Ng, eds., 1990.Essays in Zoology. Singapore: Department of Zoology, National University of Singapore. pp. 189–204.Ng, P. K. L., (1994). A note on the freshwater crabs of the genus Spiralothelphusa Bott, 1968 (Crustacea: Decapoda:Brachyura: Parathelphusidae), with description of a new species from Sri Lanka. Journal South Asian NaturalHistory, 1(1), pp.27–30.61
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Page 35 and 36: The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 37 and 38: fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Page 41 and 42: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 45 and 46: L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
Page 47 and 48: Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
Page 49 and 50: Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
Page 51 and 52: DistributionThe distribution of but
Page 53 and 54: Another threat of increasing import
Page 55 and 56: van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
Page 67 and 68: DistributionSpiders are found in al
Page 69 and 70: Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
Page 83: ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
Page 87 and 88: Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
Page 91 and 92: ConservationSurvival of highly dive
Page 93 and 94: Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
Page 103 and 104: fish species such as Chitala chital
Page 105 and 106: Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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Page 115 and 116: Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
Page 125 and 126: The crocodile populations are under
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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