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CEA/ Euroconsult (1995). Wetland Site Report and Conservation Management Plan: Handapan and Bendiya Villus,Wetland Conservation Project, Central Environmental Authority, Sri Lanka and Netherlands, P. 80.FAO 2011, Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles Sri Lanka Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations. http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_LK/en (Accessed on 28th December 2011).http://crypts.home.xs4all.nl/Cryptocoryne/index.html. The Crypts pages (Accessed on 23rd November 2011).http://crypts.home.xs4all.nl/Lagenandra/Gallery/distribution.html. The Crypts pages. (Accessed on 23rd November2011).IUCN Sri Lanka (2004). Wetland Conservation in Sri Lanka. Proceedings of the National Symposium on WetlandConservation and Management, Sri Lanka. Pp.2-18.IUCN Sri Lanka and the Central Environmental Authority of Sri Lanka (2006). National-Wetland Directory of SriLanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka. P. 342Jacobsen, N. (1986). Deterioration of the habitats of the Cryptocoryne species. http://crypts.home.xs4all.nl/Cryptocoryne/Botanical/lecture.html (Accessed on 28th December 2011)Jayasinghe, J.M.P.K. (2000). Inland Aquatic Resources. In. Arudpragasam, K. (Ed.) Natural Resources of Sri Lanka.National Science Foundation, Colombo. Pp.195-211.Kotagama, S.W. and Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (2006). An overview of the wetlands of Sri Lanka and their conservationsignificance. In: IUCN Sri Lanka and the Central Environmental Authority (2006). National-Wetland Directory ofSri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Pp.7-16.Madduma Bandara, C.M. (2000). Water Resources of Sri Lanka. In. Arudpragasam, K. (Ed.) Natural Resources ofSri Lanka. National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, Colombo. Pp.75-109.Randall, J. M. and J. Marinelli. 1996. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden,Brooklyn, NY.Scott, D.A. (1989) A Directory of Asian Wetlands, The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Cambridge, UK.Seneviratne, Nadeera (2002). Island Midweek Review: Selling the wild for a dime http://www.island.lk/2002/03/06/midwee07.html (Accessed on 22nd December 2011)Van Zon, J. C. J. (2004). Wetland conservation and Management in Sri Lanka: A status paper. In: IUCN Sri Lanka.Proceedings of the National Symposium on Wetland Conservation and Management: Sri Lanka. Pp.2-18.Yakandawala , Deepthi and Yakandawala, Kapila (2007). Ornamental Aquatics: Potential Weeds in AquaticEcosystems. In: Marambe, B., Sangakkara, U.R., De Costa, and Abeysekara, A.S.K. (Eds). 21st Asian PacificWeed Science Society (APWSS) Conference, 2-6th October 2007, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Pp. 522-525.Yakandawala, K. and Dissanayake, D.M.G.S. (2010). Mayaca fluviatilis Aubl. : an ornamental aquatic with invasivepotential in Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia. 656 (1): 199-204.Yakandawala, Deepthi and Yakandawala, Kapila (2011). Hybridization between natives and invasive aliens: anoverlooked threat to the biodiversity of Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science (Bio. Sci.) 40 (1): 13-23.196
Present Status of Mangroves in Sri LankaL.P.Jayatissa, University of Ruhuna, MataraMangroves are woody shrubs and trees that are salt and flood tolerant and hence dominateintertidal areas of lagoons, estuaries and sheltered bays along tropical and subtropicalcoastlines (Ball, 2002; Tomlinson, 1986; Tuffers et al., 2001). In the past, mangrove ecosystemswere considered as a marshy wastelands; then in the 1970s, as a valuable eco-system; andpresently, as precious but threatened eco-systems (Cormier Salem 1994).Being an island in the Indian ocean with more than hundred rivers starting from central highlandsand radiating towards the sea, Sri Lanka possess a large number of lagoons and estuariesalong its coastline of 1760km. As the coastline runs through different climatic zones anddifferent geomorphological settings, the diversity of mangrove habitats is remarkably higherand hence the species diversity in mangroves is also comparatively higher. The total numberof true mangrove species reported from Sri Lanka is almost one third of the global diversity oftrue mangroves in the world (Jayatissa et al., 2002). However, as the total annual range of tidalvariations is less than 1m, the mangrove coverage of the country is small. The present extentof mangroves in Sri Lanka has variously been estimated at over 4,000 ha (Arulchelvam 1968)to over 10,000 ha (Jayawardene 1968). Largest mangrove areas of the country are reportedfrom, north, north western and east coasts.Depending on the geomorphological setting of the habitat and the composition of commonspecies, De Silva, (1985) has recognized five kinds of mangroves in Sri Lanka: as riverinemangroves, fringing mangroves, basin mangroves, scrub mangroves, and over-washmangroves. However, the first two are the most common in Sri Lanka. Mangrove species arecommonly classified into two broad categories as follows;1. True mangroves (species restricted to mangrove habitats)2. Mangrove associates (not confined to the intertidal areas and occur in terrestrial vegetationalso)The list of true mangroves recorded from Sri Lanka is given in the Table with the abundance scale.(However the demarcation of mangroves and mangrove associates may be on tenterhooksbecause according to the literature these two categories vary and there are very suspiciouspoints and confusion. For this report, the categorization of species into true mangroves andmangrove associates are adopted from Tomlinson, 1986, except the genus Acrostichum). It isdifficult to give a clear limit for the list of mangrove associates as the composition of mangroveassociates could vary depending on the edaphic and climatic factors of the habitat. However,Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrostichum aureum, Clerodendron inerme, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Premnaintegrifolia, and Thespesia populnea are given as the most common mangrove associatesin Sri Lanka (Jayatissa et al., 2002). In mangrove forests, they may occur as a transitionalvegetation between true mangroves and the terrestrial vegetation. There is no any endemicspecies among true mangrove species or mangrove associates in Sri Lanka.197
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178: Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194: Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200: Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210: Conservation of our mountain forest
Page 211 and 212: (saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214: category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216: and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218: IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219: - With the introduction of exotic a
Page 223 and 224: decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226: Currently, at a global level, new k
Page 227 and 228: Conservation prioritiesIn order to
Page 229 and 230: Table 15: Summary of the Status of
Page 231 and 232: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 233 and 234: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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