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the soil solution and the insolubility of soil minerals such as iron, phosphorus and magnesiumare given as reasons for the formation of edaphic climaxes. These could be artifacts ofimpenetrable ‘C’ horizon in the soil profile and subsequent water logging during wet conditionsand bad aeration (Sezchowycz, 1954). These are mainly dominated with Imperata cylindricaand Cymbopogon nardus but the presence of scattered or clumped trees (e.g. M. hexandra,Limonia acidissima) is a salient feature of this ecosystem.Villus found in Wilpaththu National Park, and at the Mahaweli flood plains are a specific natural,grass dominated, wetland ecosystem found in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Swampy areas invillus are surrounded by seasonally flooded damp grasslands while occasionally flooded drygrasslands are located next to these up to the forest edge.On the other hand, grassland disclimaxes are recorded to have originated after the destructionof forests in the past and subsequent repeated cultivation and accompanying frequent burningand heavy grazing (de Rosayro, 1961; Pemadasa, 1990). Imperata cylindrica is a commonspecies in such grasslands but in some areas, such as Udawalawe National Park, these havebeen replaced by Panicum maximum. Annual herbs such as Croton hirtus, Eleutherantheraruderalis grow with perennials such as Tephrosia purpurea, Abutilon indicum and somePoaceae species and as a result, a clear seasonal variation in the vegetation can be observed.However, Heteropogon contortus may dominate if the grasslands are intensively and annuallyburnt over a long period of time (Perera and Wijesooriya, 2007).B. Prominent plants (families)In Dry forest ecosystemsEuphorbiaceae species are the most prominent in dry forest vegetations and their proportionalabundance is high in areas where more harsh environments exist (Table below). Drypetessepiaria is a universally distributed Euphorbiaceae member which dominates the forestunderstorey. M. hexandra (Sapotaceae) is also a unique species in the dry zone whichdominate in dry areas but the species is either rare or absent in cooler and moist conditions.In comparatively wetter areas, a mixture of Annonaceae, Ebenaceae, Melastomataceae andSapindaceae species tend to grow more frequently with some Euphorbiaceae, Rutaceae orSapotaceae species.The composition of species and plant families in secondary forests do not vary much withthe forest type, their location and the abiotic conditions. At early seral stages, individuals ofEuphorbiaceae (e.g. Flueggea leucopyrus, Figure 6c), Rubiaceae (e.g. Catunaregam spinosa,Tarenna asiatica) and Rhamnaceae (e.g. Ziziphus oenoplia) are prominant but Rubiaceae(e.g. Benkara malabarica, Haldina cordifolia) Tiliaceae (e.g. Diplodiscus verrucosus, Grewiaspp.), Verbenaceae (e.g. Premna spp.) and Sterculiaceae (e.g. Pterospermum suberifolium)species are prominent in late seral forests. Scrub jungle plagioclimaxes contains many speciesthat are common in early seral secondary forests but Fabaceae (e.g. Cassia auriculata, Figure6a; Dichrostachys cinerea, Figure 6b), Euphorbiaceae (e.g. Flueggea leucopyrus, Figure 6c)and Rhamnaceae species dominate in them.168
Prominent plant families in dry forests of Sri LankaMajor forest typeProminent plant familiesTropical semi-deciduous forestsTropical seasonal forests*Secondary forest under progressivesuccessionFallow forests
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142: AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 143 and 144: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 159 and 160: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 161 and 162: Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178: Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197 and 198: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 199 and 200: Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210: Conservation of our mountain forest
Page 211 and 212: (saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214: category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216: and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218: IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219 and 220: - With the introduction of exotic a
Page 221 and 222: Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
Page 223 and 224: decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226: Currently, at a global level, new k
Page 227 and 228: Conservation prioritiesIn order to
Page 229 and 230: Table 15: Summary of the Status of
Page 231 and 232: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 233 and 234: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
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PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
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Threats to angiosperms may range fr
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Further, evaluation of the conserva
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MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
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Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
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ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
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Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
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de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
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Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
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Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
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Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
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Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
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Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
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Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
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1. Establishment of a national echi
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Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
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Provisional checklist of soft coral
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Extensive coral growth is limited t
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Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
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Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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References For Corals Recorded For
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Subgenera have generally not been u
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Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
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Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
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Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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