in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

implementing proper regulations. Meanwhile, the local people should be directed to establishhome gardens and to incorporate timber, medicinal, fodder and fuel wood species in their homegardens. The institutes responsible for preventing illegal human activities in natural ecosystemsand conserving these should be further strengthened by providing basic infrastructure andhuman resources. However, it is also essential to conduct further research to fill the gaps ofknowledge of Sri Lankan dry land ecosystems while rehabilitating the degraded ecosystems.H. ReferencesAlwis, K. A. de and Eriyagama, G.J. 1969. Some observations on soil-vegetation relationships in the lowland dryzone of Ceylon. Ceylon Forester, Vol. ix: Nos. 1&2. pp 53-71.Archibold, O.W. 1995. Ecology of world vegetation. Chapman and Hall, USA. pp 510.Brohier, R.L. 1941. The history of irrigation and agricultural colonization in Ceylon: The Tamankaduwa District andthe Elahera-Minneriya canal. Tharanjee Prints, Maharagama, Sri Lanka. pp 62.Cole, M.M. 1986. The savannas: Biogeography and Geobotany. Academic Press Inc. USA. Pp 438.Dassanayake, M.D. and Fosberg, F.R. 1980-2004. A revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Vol. I-XV, AmerindPublishers, New Delhi, India.de Jong, W., Chokkalingam, U. and Perera G.A.D. 2001. The evolution of swidden fallow secondary forests in Asia.Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 13(4): 800-815.de Rosayro R.A. 1950. Ecological conceptions and vegetational types with special reference to Ceylon. TropicalAgriculturist. 106: 108-121.de Rosayro R.A. 1959. Editorial notes: The place of forestry in the dry zone. Ceylon Forester, 4: 1-3.de Rosayro R.A. 1961. The nature and the origin of secondary vegetational communities in Ceylon. CeylonForester, 5: 23-49.Fernando, R.H.S.S. 2010. Biodiversity of ecological communities and the biogeography of their species in threeisolated hills in Sri Lanka. Ph.D. thesis. Postgraduate Institute of Science, Peradeniya.Greller, A.M and Balasubramanium, S. 1980. A preliminary floristic-climatic classification of the forests of Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka Forester, 14 (3/4): 163-169.Gunatilleke, Nimal., Pethiyagoda, Rohan and Gunatilleke, Savitri. 2008. Biodiversity of Sri Lanka. J.Natn.Sci.Foundation Sri Lanka. 36 Special Issue: 25-62.Holmes 1956. The broad pattern of climate and vegetation distribution in Ceylon. Ceylon Foester, 3 (3-4): 265-288.Holmes CH (1957) The natural regeneration of the wet and dry evergreen forests of Ceylon. Ceylon Forester, 3:111-127.Jayasingham, T. and Wijesundara, D.S.A. 2007. Sustainability of medicinal plant extraction and its impacts ofsavannah grassland ecology in Nilgala. Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project,Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo. pp 37.Jayasuriya, AHM. 1984. Flora of Ritigala Strict nature Reserve. The Sri Lanka Forester, 16 : 60-156Legg, C. and Jewell, N. 1995. A 1:50,000-scale forest map of Sri Lanka: the basis for a National Forest Geographicsystem. The Sri Lanka Forester, special issue. pp 3-24.Pemadasa, M.A. 1990. Tropical grasslands of Sri Lanka and India. Journal of Biogeography, 17: 395-400.Perera, D., Brown N.D. and Burslem D.F. 1995. Restoring the degraded dry zone woodlands of Sri Lanka. ITTOTropical Forest Update, 5: 8-10.Perera, G.A.D. 1998. Regeneration and succession following shifting cultivation of dry tropical deciduous forests ofSri Lanka. D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford, UK.Perera, G.A.D. 2001 a. Secondary forest situation in Sri Lanka: a review. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 13(4):768-785.Perera, G.A.D. 2001 b. Vegetation and the Regeneration of moist deciduous forests at Sigiriya, Sri Lanka. Phyta,Journal of the Peradeniya University Botanical Society, Sri Lanka, 5(1): 9-16.Perera, G.A.D. 2004. Factors affecting the vegetation succession of moist-deciduous forests at Sigiriya Sanctuary,Sri Lanka. Abstracts of the 9 th Annual Forestry and Environment Symposium, University of Sri Jayawardenapura, Sri Lanka. p 21.Perera, G.A.D. 2005. Diversity and Dynamics of the soil seed bank of a tropical deciduous forest at SigiriyaSanctuary, Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 46 (1):65-78.Perera, G.A.D. and Wijesooriya, S.M. 2007. Protected Area Management and Wildlife Conservation Project,Department of Wildlife Conservation, Colombo. pp 1-46.Rutnam P.W. 1959. Growth of plants under the shelter of natural forests in the dry zone. Ceylon Forester, 4: 224-226.Sezchowycz, R. W. 1954. Some observations on climate, soil & forest climax. Ceylon Forester, (N.S.) 1(2), 58-66.174
Present status of Lowland Wet Zone Flora of Sri LankaH. S. KathriarachchiDepartment of Plant Sciences, University of ColomboIntroductionSri Lanka has an outstanding biodiversity because of its tropical climate, soil, topographicalvariations, geographical location and its striking biogeographic history. Together with theWestern Ghats in India, Sri Lanka is considered as one of the 34 biodiversity hotspots inthe world because of the high degree of endemism in fauna and flora and serious amount ofhabitat loss (Ashton et al., 1997; Gunatilleke et al., 2004). The diverse array of ecosystems inSri Lanka harbors a wealth of plant species and they provide a habitat for many other speciesas yet undiscovered.Sri Lanka also has a diversity of climatic and floristic regions showing spatial variations in rainfall,altitude and soil. Lowland wet zone represents the area below 1,000 m in elevation, spreadingin the southwestern quarter of Sri Lanka (Figure 1), mainly in the Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara,Galle, Matara, Kegalle districts and part of Ratnapura (Gunatilleke and Ashton, 1987b; Ministryof Forestry and Environment, 1999).Flora of the lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka is largely distributed in the tropical lowland rainforests- forests below 1,000 m altitude (Figure 1). These forests have an aseasonal wet climate andgenerally receive 2500 – 5000 mm of mean annual rain fall without prominent dry spells. Meanannual temperature is about 27 o C at sea level. The lowland wet zone forests are classified byde Rosayro (1950) as wet evergreen forest climax by Koelmeyer (1957) and Holmes (1956) aswet tropical evergreen forests . These forests are confined to 2.14% (141,506 ha) of the totalland area of Sri Lanka (Ministry of Forestry and Environment, 1999).SRIFigure. 1 Map showing the forests in the south-west of Sri Lanka. Blue = Fragmented lowlandrain forests remaining in Sri Lanka, Green = Montane rain forests, Brown = Intermediate zone forests,Yellow = Dry zone forests (Source: Somasekaram et al., 1997).175
Page 3 and 4:
The National Red List 2012of Sri La
Page 5:
Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
Page 8 and 9:
Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
Page 10 and 11:
FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
Page 12 and 13:
Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
Page 14 and 15:
AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
Page 16 and 17:
AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
Page 18 and 19:
Message of the Secretary, Ministry
Page 20 and 21:
Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
Page 22 and 23:
Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
Page 25 and 26:
The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
Page 27 and 28:
Changes in water sources, such as d
Page 29 and 30:
Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
Page 31 and 32:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 33 and 34:
Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
Page 39 and 40:
Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
Page 41 and 42:
Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
Page 47 and 48:
Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
Page 49 and 50:
Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
Page 51 and 52:
DistributionThe distribution of but
Page 53 and 54:
Another threat of increasing import
Page 55 and 56:
van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
DistributionSpiders are found in al
Page 69 and 70:
Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
Page 85 and 86:
ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
Page 87 and 88:
Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
ConservationSurvival of highly dive
Page 93 and 94:
Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
fish species such as Chitala chital
Page 105 and 106:
Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
of the original forest cover has no
Page 115 and 116:
Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
The crocodile populations are under
Page 127 and 128:
Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
Page 139 and 140:
espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
Page 141 and 142:
AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148: Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
Page 159 and 160: Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
Page 161 and 162: Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
Page 169 and 170: Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
Page 171 and 172: Table 2. The geographic distributio
Page 173 and 174: TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
Page 175 and 176: ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
Page 177 and 178: Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
Page 179 and 180: Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
Page 181 and 182: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 189 and 190: Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
Page 191 and 192: Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
Page 193 and 194: Prominent plant families in dry for
Page 195 and 196: According to the plant records avai
Page 197: is very likely to devastate this ec
Page 201 and 202: DistributionHigh degree of endemism
Page 203 and 204: - Taxonomic research on closely rel
Page 205 and 206: Present Status of Montane Forests i
Page 207 and 208: Death of trees in the montane fores
Page 209 and 210: Conservation of our mountain forest
Page 211 and 212: (saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
Page 213 and 214: category (CR); three under Endanger
Page 215 and 216: and eutrophication (due to agricult
Page 217 and 218: IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
Page 219 and 220: - With the introduction of exotic a
Page 221 and 222: Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
Page 223 and 224: decades, aiming at increasing the u
Page 225 and 226: Currently, at a global level, new k
Page 227 and 228: Conservation prioritiesIn order to
Page 229 and 230: Table 15: Summary of the Status of
Page 231 and 232: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 233 and 234: Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
Page 249 and 250:
Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367 and 368:
PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 369 and 370:
Threats to angiosperms may range fr
Page 371 and 372:
Further, evaluation of the conserva
Page 373 and 374:
MOE: Ministry of Environment, DWC:
Page 375 and 376:
Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378:
ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380:
Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382:
de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384:
Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386:
Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388:
Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390:
Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392:
Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394:
Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396:
1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398:
Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400:
Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402:
Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404:
Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406:
Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
Page 407 and 408:
References For Corals Recorded For
Page 409 and 410:
Subgenera have generally not been u
Page 411 and 412:
Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414:
Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
Page 415 and 416:
Terebra subulata Linnaeus, 1767 *Te
Page 417 and 418:
Crassostrea cf. madrasensis (Presto
Page 419 and 420:
Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
Page 421 and 422:
DistributionMany Marine species inc
Page 423 and 424:
Provisional Check List of the Marin
Page 425 and 426:
Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
Page 427 and 428:
Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
Page 429 and 430:
Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
Page 431 and 432:
Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
Page 433 and 434:
References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
Page 435 and 436:
Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
Page 437 and 438:
ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
Page 439 and 440:
Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
Page 441 and 442:
Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
Page 443 and 444:
Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
Page 445 and 446:
1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
Page 447 and 448:
Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
Page 449 and 450:
Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
Page 451 and 452:
Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
Page 453 and 454:
1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
Page 455 and 456:
Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
Page 457 and 458:
Tropical agricultural research. 20:
Page 459 and 460:
Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
Page 461 and 462:
Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
Page 463 and 464:
Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
Page 465 and 466:
Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
Page 467 and 468:
A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
Page 469 and 470:
Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
Page 471 and 472:
9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
Page 473 and 474:
Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
Page 475 and 476:
Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
show all

in Sri Lanka - Ministry of Environment

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?