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Out of 3,154 species evaluated 1,386 are threatened (critically endangered, endangeredor vulnerable). This is about 44% of the total angiosperm flora in Sri Lanka. Five speciesare believed to be extinct (Table 17). These extinct species are Strobilanthes caudata(Acanthaceae), Blumea angustifolia (Asteraceae), Crudia zeylanica (Fabaceae), Rinoreabengalensis and Rinorea decora (Violaceae). It is alarming to note that 177 species are in theIUCN Red List category of CR(PE) meaning that those species are possibly extinct.Alphonsea hortensis (Annonaceae) and Doona ovalifolia (Dipterocarpaceae) are believed tobe found only in cultivation at Botanic Gardens (extinct in the wild).Out of the 186 families evaluated, 81 families have 50% or more threatened species and in24 families all species are threatened. These 24 families are each represented by less than5 species and more than half of these families are represented by a single species. Only 45families have no threatened species.The distribution of the threatened species shows that the highest number of threatened speciesare found in the wet zone districts such as Kandy, Ratnapura, Nuwara Eliya, Badulla, Galleand Kalutara. These districts also house the largest diversity of angiosperm species (Table 3).Data show that in Ratnapura, Kandy, Kilinochchi, Galle, Nuwara Eliya Kalutara, Kegalle, andMatara districts over 60% of the endemic species are threatened.Table 3. Distribution of threatened plants in different Districts in Sri Lanka.DistrictTotal speciesNumber ofthreatened speciesNumber ofendemicspeciesThreatenedendemic speciesAmpara 477 94 39 17Anuradhapura 956 236 100 47Badulla 1129 421 246 145Batticaloa 474 85 24 12Colombo 652 174 111 53Galle 1050 411 385 252Gampaha 418 81 48 24Hambantota 885 178 65 24Jaffna 546 97 21 7Kalutara 902 361 338 213Kandy 1952 868 567 388Kegalle 699 281 275 167Kilinochchi 43 11 3 2Kurunegala 825 215 128 55Mannar 365 77 13 5Matale 1125 344 212 111Matara 667 261 276 165Monaragala 766 217 108 48Mullaitivu 86 22 7 3Nuwara Eliya 1261 596 400 260Polonnaruwa 645 127 52 21Puttalam 694 117 47 13Ratnapura 1539 739 570 397Trincomalee 594 101 29 8Vavuniya 218 41 9 5344
Threats to angiosperms may range from direct causes such as habitat loss to indirect factorssuch as unavailability of pollinators or dispersal agents. Whatever the causal factors there maybe, the proportion of threatened plants is exceedingly high. Therefore, the findings of the RedList need to be paid serious attention, without delay, by all concerned.ReferencesAbeywickrama, B. A. 1945 The origin and affinities of the Flora of Ceylon Proc. Ann. See. Ceylon A.A.S. Part 2.99-121 pp.Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2009. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the ordersand families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Vol 161. 105-121 ppGunatilleke, C. V. S. & P. S. Ashton, 1987. New light on the plant geography of Ceylon II. The ecological biogeographyof the lowland endemic tree flora. Journal of Biogeography, 14: 295–327 pp.Dassanayake, M. D., Fosberg, F. R. & Clayton, W. D. (eds). 1980-2000. A Revised Handbook To The Flora ofCeylon . Vol 1-14Jayasuriya, A.H.M. 2007. Flora. in National Atlas of Sri Lanka, Survey Department of Sri LankaLindstrom, A.J. and K.D. Hill. 2007. The genus Cycas (Cycadaceae) in India. Telopea 11(4) 463–488 pp.Senaratne, L.K. 2001 A checklist of flowering plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation, Colombo. 440 p.Thorne R. F. 2002. How many species of seed plants are there? Taxon, Vol.51, Number 3, 1, 511-512(2)Trimen, H. 1893-1900. The Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon., Vol. 1-5. Dalau, LondonTrimen H. 1885 Remarks on the composition, geographical affinities and origin of the Ceylon flora Journal of RoyalAsiatic Society (Ceylon Branch) 9.Yakandawala, Deepthi 2006. Recent developments in angiosperm phylogeny and classification in the light ofmolecular data and cladistics. J. Natn. Sci. Foundation Sri Lanka 34(4): 177-187 pp.345
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The National Red List 2012of Sri La
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Table of ContentsList of Abbreviati
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Red listing TeamSupervision and Gui
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FloraHigher PlantsParticipants of E
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Mr. Gayan ChathurangaMr. Imesh Nuwa
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AntsProf. Sriyani DiasMs. Anuradha
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AcknowledgementsThe National Red Li
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Message of the Secretary, Ministry
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Dung beetles 103 21Bivalves 287Gast
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Preparation of the 2012 Red ListDak
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The Taxonomy and Conservation Statu
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Changes in water sources, such as d
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Table 01: List of Dragonflies in Sr
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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Scientific Name Common Name NSG Cri
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fauna in the nearby forests. Furthe
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Table 02: List of Ants in Sri Lanka
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Scientific Name Common Name NCS Cri
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L. (Sudila) aulacophorum, and L. (E
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Table 03 : List of Bees in Sri Lank
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Scientific Name NCS CriteriaFamily:
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DistributionThe distribution of but
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Another threat of increasing import
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van der Poorten, G. & van der Poort
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DistributionSpiders are found in al
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Table 05: List of Spiders in Sri La
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ThreatsSri Lanka’s aquatic habita
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ReferencesADB, (2003). Sri Lanka: e
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Table 06: List of Freshwater Crabs
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ConservationSurvival of highly dive
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Table 07: List of Land Snails in Sr
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fish species such as Chitala chital
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Pethiyagoda, R., (1991). Freshwater
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of the original forest cover has no
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Pounds, J. A., Bustamante, M. R., C
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The crocodile populations are under
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Murphy, J.C., and Voris, H.K. (2005
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Family: ViperidaeScientific Name Co
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espectively). Further, Halcyonidae
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AOU., (2005). Forty-sixth supplemen
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Several Sri Lankan mammals are repr
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Phillips, W. W. A., (1935). Manual
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Analysis of Faunal GroupsDevaka Wee
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Table 2. The geographic distributio
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TaxonomyThe present knowledge of pt
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ThreatsVast majority of pteridophyt
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Ranil, R.H.G., Pushpakumara, D.K.N.
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Table 14: List of Pteridophytes in
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Family/ Scientific Name Common name
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Present Status of Dry-zone Flora in
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Figure 1. Tropical semi-deciduous f
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Prominent plant families in dry for
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According to the plant records avai
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is very likely to devastate this ec
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Present status of Lowland Wet Zone
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DistributionHigh degree of endemism
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- Taxonomic research on closely rel
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Present Status of Montane Forests i
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Death of trees in the montane fores
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Conservation of our mountain forest
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(saltpans, reservoirs, gravel/brick
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category (CR); three under Endanger
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and eutrophication (due to agricult
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IAS list (Eichhornia crassipes). Th
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- With the introduction of exotic a
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Present Status of Mangroves in Sri
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decades, aiming at increasing the u
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Currently, at a global level, new k
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Conservation prioritiesIn order to
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Table 15: Summary of the Status of
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Family EX EWCR(PE)CR EN VU NT DD LC
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Page 317 and 318: Family/ Scientific Name Common name
Page 365 and 366: Distribution of Endemic Angiosperm
Page 367: PortulacaceaePotamogetonaceae (Rupp
Page 371 and 372: Further, evaluation of the conserva
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Page 375 and 376: Area of focusResponsibleInstitution
Page 377 and 378: ReferencesAbayarathna, M. G. T., Ma
Page 379 and 380: Bingham, C. T., (1903). The fauna o
Page 381 and 382: de Silva, A. & Dawundasekara, D. M.
Page 383 and 384: Goonatilake, W. L. D. P. T. S. de A
Page 385 and 386: Jansen, M., (1981). Villus of the f
Page 387 and 388: Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyago
Page 389 and 390: Pradeep, D. M. N., (2001). Amphibia
Page 391 and 392: Singh, L. A. K., Acharjyo, L. N. &
Page 393 and 394: Werner, W.L., (1986). Monaragala -
Page 395 and 396: 1. Establishment of a national echi
Page 397 and 398: Provisional Checklist of Crinoidea,
Page 399 and 400: Provisional checklist of soft coral
Page 401 and 402: Extensive coral growth is limited t
Page 403 and 404: Rajasuriya A. 1994. Three genera an
Page 405 and 406: Tubastrea micrantha Ehrenberg, 1834
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Page 411 and 412: Family: SiliquariidaeTenagodus angu
Page 413 and 414: Haustellum haustellum (Linnaeus, 17
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Paphia sp. 1*Paphia sp. 2*Paphia sp
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DistributionMany Marine species inc
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Provisional Check List of the Marin
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Family: ArgissidaeArgissa hamatipes
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Macrobrachium malcomsoni 4Expalaemo
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Dromia dehanni 14Sponge crabDromiop
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Thalamita picta 2Thalamita prymna 1
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References1 W. A. Herdman, 1903-6.
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Provisional Checklist of Marine fis
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ReferencesDe Bruin, G. H. P., Russe
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Family: AriommatidaeEcsenius bicolo
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Chaetodon mertensii Cuvier, 1831 5N
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Ctenogobiops spp. 2Pomadasys commer
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1, 14Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskal,
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Family: NeoscopelidaeNeoscopelus ma
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Family: PseudochromidaeProtonibea d
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Family StromateidaePampus argenteus
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1, 17Family: GymnuridaeNarcine brun
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Provisional Checklist of the Leafho
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Tropical agricultural research. 20:
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Goniagnathus (T.) puntifer (Walker)
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Alebroides nigroscutellata (Distant
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Balthasar (1963), ScarabNet, the Sc
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Forest dwelling dung beetles may be
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A Provisional Checklist of Dung Bee
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Records of Centipede Fauna In Sri L
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9). Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus,
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Haase E. (1887) "Die Indisch-Austra
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Data Deficient (DD)A taxon is Data
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