The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

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Amphibians and pesticides Pesticide Species Amphibian Mallard Quail Mouse Rat Reference TEPA Rana 500 8.54 >20.0 Hudson et al catesbeiana (1984) TEPP Bufo viridis 540 0.52 Edery and Schatzberg- Porath (1960) TEPP Rana 112 3.56 Hudson et al catesbeiana TEPP Rana ridibunda (1984) 34 0.52 Edery and Schatzberg- Porath (1960) This data indicates that in most cases amphibians were less sensitive than birds and mammals with the exceptions of tests with nabam and strychnine. 3.3. Conclusions on toxicity data A large number of toxicity values were found for aquatic stages of amphibians suitable for comparison with fish data. A far smaller body of data was found for toxicity of pesticides to terrestrial phases both in numbers of values and range of compounds making comparisons with bird and mammal data more difficult. RECOMMENDATIONS • More research on the fine scale use of agricultural land at the times of greatest exposure risk would help improve predictions of the potential of exposure of amphibians, which species are at greatest risk and which applications present the greatest threat. • The data on aquatic toxicity identified in the course of the study should be used to refine the use of current aquatic risk assessments if necessary so that they are sufficiently protective of amphibians. • If risk assessments are to be conducted for terrestrial amphibians, methods must be developed that will estimate the extent of dermal exposure under field conditions. However, estimating dermal exposure and exposure through food will not allow full risk assessment in the absence of reliable amphibian or suitable surrogate toxicity data. REFERENCES Abbasi SA and Soni R, 1991. Evaluation of water quality criteria for four common pesticides on the basis of computer-aided studies, Indian Journal of Environmental Health, 33(1), 22-24 Agostini GM, Natale GS and Ronco AE, 2010. Lethal and sublethal effects of cypermethrin to Hypsiboas pulchellus tadpoles, Ecotoxicology 19(8), 1545-1550. Alam MDN, 1989. Toxicity of Metacid and Ekalux to tadpoles of skipper frog Rana cyanophlyctis, Journal of Ecobiology 1(3), 163-167. Alam MN and Shafi M, 1991. Toxicity of two agricultural chemicals Metacid 50 and Ekalux EC 25 to tadpoles of Rana tigrina, Environment and Ecology, 9(4), 870-872. Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 100 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Amphibians and pesticides Andreone F and Pavignano I, 1988. Observations on the Breeding Migration of Pelobates fuscus insubricus Cornalia 1873 at a Ditch in North Western Italy Amphibia Anura Pelobatidae, Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Bollettino 6(1), 241-250. Andreone F, Dore B, Usai P and Paraninfo A, 1993. Skin morphology in larval, paedomorphic and metamorphosed alpine newts, Triturus alpestris apuanus, Alytes (Paris), 11(1), 25-35. Andrews MI and George S, 1991. Toxic effects of pesticides on tadpoles of frog Rana hexadactyla. Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring, 1(2), 142-147. Anguiano OL, Montagna CM, Chifflet de Llamas M, Gauna L, and Pechen de D'Angelo AM, 1994. Comparative toxicity of parathion in early embryos and larvae of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52(5), 649-655 Arnold N and Ovenden D, 2002, A Field Guide to the Reptiles and amphibians of Britain and Europe, 2 nd Edition, Collins, London. Arntzen JW and Teunis SFM, 1993. A six year study on the population dynamics of the crested newt (Triturus cristatus) following the colonization of a newly created pond, Herpetological Journal, 3(3), 99-110. Aronzon CM, Sandoval MT, Herkovits J and Perez Coll CS, 2011. Stage-dependent toxicity of 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetic on the embryonic development of a South American toad, Rhinella arenarum, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26(4), 373-381. Avery RA, 1968, Food and feeding relations of three species of Triturus (Amphibia Urodela) during the aquatic phases, Oikos, 19(2), 408-412. Babik W and Rafinski J, 2004. Relationship between morphometric and genetic variation in pure and hybrid populations of the smooth and Montandon's newt (Triturus vulgaris and T. montandoni), Journal of Zoology (London) 262(2), 135-143. Bacchetta R, Mantecca P, Andrioletti M, Vismara C and Vailati G, 2008. Axial-skeletal defects caused by carbaryl in Xenopus laevis embryos. Science of the Total Environment, 392(1), 110-118. Baker KN, 1985. Laboratory and field experiments on the response by two species of woodland salamanders to malathion-treated substrates. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 14(6), 685–691. Barabas K, Szabo L and Matkovics B, 1985. Effects of Gramoxone and cooling on the antioxidant enzymes of frog (Rana esculenta). Acta Biolica Hungarica, 36(3-4), 295-300. Baumann K, 1997. The population ecology of the common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus near Leiferde (district Gifhorn, Germany) with special regard to the effect of its artificial relocation into a new breeding-pond, Braunschweiger Naturkundliche Schriften 5(2), 249-267. Baumgartner C, Bitschi N, Ellinger N, Gollmann B, Gollmann G, Kock M, Lebeth E and Waringer- Loschenkohl A, 1996. [Spawning and embryonic development in syntopic Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840, and Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura: Ranidae).] Laichablage und Embryonalentwicklung von Springfrosch (Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840) und Grasfrosch (Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758) in einem syntopen Vorkommen (Anura: Ranidae), Herpetozoa 9(3-4), 133-150. Beckmann H, Schneeweiss N and Greulich K, 2003. The green toad (Bufo viridis Laurenti 1768) in an intensively used agricultural landscape of Brandenburg [Die Wechselkrote (Bufo viridis Laurenti, 1768) in einer intensiv genutzten Agrarlandschaft Brandenburgs.]. Mertensiella, 14, 218-228. Beebee TJC, 1979. A review of scientific information pertaining to the natterjack toad Bufo calamita throughout its geographical range, Biological Conservation, 16, 107-134. Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 101 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
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Supporting Publications 2012:EN-343
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Amphibians and pe
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TERMS OF REFERENCE AS PROVIDED BY E
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1.1. European species Amphibians an
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Amphibians and pesticides Common na
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Amphibians and pesticides Table 2:
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Amphibians and pesticides Common na
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Amphibians and pesticides 1.2. Asso
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Amphibians and pesticides were not
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Amphibians and pesticides release.
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Amphibians and pesticides Given thi
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Amphibians and pesticides Other app
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Table 8: References relating to der
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Species Stage (size) Pesticide (For
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Amphibians and pesticides Xiao et a
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Amphibians and pesticides is also l
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Table 11: 96h LC50 data for amphibi
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Amphibian
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Page 49 and 50: CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Amphibian
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Page 83 and 84: Table 12: LD50 data from dosing stu
Page 85 and 86: Pesticide % a.i. Test material DDT
Page 87 and 88: Pesticide % a.i. Test material Dime
Page 89 and 90: Pesticide % a.i. Test material Ekat
Page 91 and 92: Pesticide % a.i. Mevinphos (Fosdrin
Page 93 and 94: Pesticide % a.i. Permethrin [(1R)-t
Page 95 and 96: Pesticide % a.i. Test material S-Bi
Page 97 and 98: Pesticide % a.i. Test material TEPP
Page 99: Amphibians and pesticides The limit
Page 103 and 104: Amphibians and pesticides Bidwell J
Page 105 and 106: Amphibians and pesticides Chenoweth
Page 107 and 108: Amphibians and pesticides EFSA, 200
Page 109 and 110: Amphibians and pesticides Garcia-Mu
Page 111 and 112: Amphibians and pesticides Hoglund J
Page 113 and 114: Amphibians and pesticides Kennedy I
Page 115 and 116: Amphibians and pesticides Lippe C,
Page 117 and 118: Amphibians and pesticides Nagy KA,
Page 119 and 120: Amphibians and pesticides Pellet J,
Page 121 and 122: Amphibians and pesticides Saka M, 2
Page 123 and 124: Amphibians and pesticides Snawder J
Page 125 and 126: Amphibians and pesticides Vogrin M
Page 127 and 128: APPENDICES A. SEARCH LOGIC EFSA Con
Page 129 and 130: Amphibians and pesticides 35. (Endo
Page 131 and 132: Amphibians and pesticides 77. track
Page 133 and 134: B. SPECIES INFORMATION - GREAT CRES
Page 135 and 136: Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex S
Page 139 and 140: Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex F
Page 141 and 142: Table 20: Seasonal activities of Tr
Page 143 and 144: 1. Body size Table 22: Bodyweight o
Page 147 and 148: Table 26: Diet of Triturus vulgaris
Page 149 and 150: Table 28: Diet of newly metamorphos
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5. Other information Table 30: Age/
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1. Body size Table 31: Bodyweight o
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Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex S
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2. Metabolic rate Table 33: Metabol
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Table 35: Diet of Rana temporaria i
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Table 37: Diet of Rana temporaria i
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Table 39: Seasonal activities of Ra
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E. SPECIES INFORMATION - COMMON TOA
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Table 44: Body length of Bufo bufo.
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3. Diet Table 46: Diet of Bufo bufo
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Table 48: Diet of Bufo bufo in the
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Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex F
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4. Seasonal activities Amphibians a
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5. Other information Table 53: Age/
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Table 59: Diet of Hyla arborea in R
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Table 60: Seasonal activities of Hy
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Amphibians and pesticides G. SPECIE
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3. Diet Table 66: Diet of Bufo cala
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Amphibians and pesticides Begin Pea
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Amphibians and pesticides Sex Mean
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2. Metabolic rate No metabolic rate
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Amphibians and pesticides Carabidae
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Table 80: Age at sexual maturity fo
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 94757 2,4
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 38641940
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 1910425 P
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 131522 So
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J. SELECTED 48H LC50 DATA Table 82:
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 38641940
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 7487947 M
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 298000 Pa
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K. SELECTED 72H LC50 DATA Table 83:
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L. SELECTED LC50 DATA FOR ‘OTHER
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 94757 2,4
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M. OMITTED LC50 DATA Table 85: Omit
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Test mate
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CAS Pesticide name 8011630 Bordeaux
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CAS Pesticide name 298000 Parathion
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CAS Pesticide name 56359 Tributylti
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Amphibians and pesticides Andreone
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Amphibians and pesticides Red List
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Amphibians and pesticides Lyciasala
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