The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

Species Stage (size) Pesticide
(Formulation/
purity)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Great Plains toad
(Bufo cognatus)
Southern cricket
frog
(Acris crepitans)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+
trifloxystrobin
(Stratego)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+
trifloxystrobin
(Stratego)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+
trifloxystrobin
(Stratego)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+ azoxystrobin
(Quilt)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+ azoxystrobin
(Quilt)
Juvenile Propiconazole
+ azoxystrobin
(Quilt)
Juvenile Pyraclostrobin
(Headline)
Juvenile Pyraclostrobin
(Headline)
Juvenile Pyraclostrobin
NR
(21-25mm
means)
(Headline)
Toxaphene
(100%
chlorinated
camphenes)
Exposure method Temp.
(°C)
Amphibians and pesticides
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 0.11+0.11
µg a.i./cm 2
(0.1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 1.1+1.1
µg a.i./cm 2
(1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 11+11
µg a.i./cm 2
(10 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 0.13+0.076
µg a.i./cm 2
(0.1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 1.3+0.76
µg a.i./cm 2
Endpoint Dose Effects Reference
(1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 13+7.6
µg a.i./cm 2
(10 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 0.22µg a.i./cm 2
(0.1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 2.2 µg a.i./cm 2
(1 x app. rate)
Overspray 26±1 Mortality 22 µg a.i./cm 2
Filter paper 26.7±1.1
(80±2°F)
0% mortality (after
72 h)
7% mortality (after
72 h)
90% mortality (after
72 h)
4% mortality (after
72 h)
22% mortality (after
72 h)
17% mortality (after
72 h)
(10 x app. rate)
7% mortality (after
72 h)
67% mortality (after
72 h)
100% mortality (after
72 h)
Mortality 7.9-84.8 µg/cm 2 36h TL50 (approx.
dose leading to 50%
mortality at 36h)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Belden et al.
(2010)
Ferguson and
Gilbert (1967)
Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 35
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