The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
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Species Stage (size) Pesticide<br />
(Formulation/<br />
purity)<br />
Tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er<br />
(Ambys<strong>to</strong>ma<br />
tigrinum)<br />
Tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er<br />
(Ambys<strong>to</strong>ma<br />
tigrinum)<br />
Tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er<br />
(Ambys<strong>to</strong>ma<br />
tigrinum)<br />
Tiger salam<strong>and</strong>er<br />
(Ambys<strong>to</strong>ma<br />
tigrinum)<br />
Woodhouse’s <strong>to</strong>ad<br />
(Bufo woodhousii)<br />
Woodhouse’s <strong>to</strong>ad<br />
(Bufo woodhousii)<br />
Adult<br />
(75-104g)<br />
Adult<br />
(75-104g)<br />
Adult<br />
(75-104g)<br />
Adult<br />
(75-104g)<br />
Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Adult Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Adult Malathion<br />
(96.5%)<br />
Exposure method Temp.<br />
(°C)<br />
Amphibians <strong>and</strong> <strong>pesticides</strong><br />
Soil 20 ChE inhibition 50 µg/cm 2 ,<br />
1d <strong>exposure</strong><br />
Soil 20 ChE inhibition 50 µg/cm 2 ,<br />
2d <strong>exposure</strong><br />
Soil<br />
(dermal)<br />
+dietary<br />
(earthworm)<br />
Soil<br />
(dermal)<br />
+dietary<br />
(earthworm)<br />
Endpoint Dose Effects Reference<br />
20 ChE inhibition 50 µg/cm 2 ,<br />
1d <strong>exposure</strong> +<br />
2g earthworm at<br />
1.1ppm<br />
(range 0.98-1.5)<br />
20 ChE inhibition 100 µg/cm 2 ,<br />
2d <strong>exposure</strong> +<br />
2g earthworm at<br />
1.1ppm<br />
(range 0.98-1.5)<br />
50–65% ChE<br />
inhibition<br />
No overt symp<strong>to</strong>ms<br />
(lethargy, tremors,<br />
decreased<br />
responsiveness,<br />
anorexia)<br />
50–65% ChE<br />
inhibition<br />
No overt symp<strong>to</strong>ms<br />
(lethargy, tremors,<br />
decreased<br />
responsiveness,<br />
anorexia)<br />
50–65% ChE<br />
inhibition<br />
No overt symp<strong>to</strong>ms<br />
(lethargy, tremors,<br />
decreased<br />
responsiveness,<br />
anorexia)<br />
90% ChE inhibition<br />
No overt symp<strong>to</strong>ms<br />
(lethargy, tremors,<br />
decreased<br />
responsiveness,<br />
anorexia)<br />
Henson-Ramsey<br />
et al. (2008)<br />
Henson-Ramsey<br />
et al. (2008)<br />
Henson-Ramsey<br />
et al. (2008)<br />
Henson-Ramsey<br />
et al. (2008)<br />
Ventral application 20-22 Mortality 0.0011 mg/g 0% mortality Taylor et al.<br />
(1999)<br />
Ventral application 20-22 Mortality 0.011 mg/g 40% mortality Taylor et al.<br />
(1999)<br />
Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 34<br />
<strong>The</strong> present document has been produced <strong>and</strong> adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context <strong>of</strong> a contract between the European Food<br />
Safety Authority <strong>and</strong> the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. <strong>The</strong> present document is published complying with the transparency principle <strong>to</strong> which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an<br />
output adopted by the Authority. <strong>The</strong> European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view <strong>and</strong> position as regards the issues addressed <strong>and</strong> the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice <strong>to</strong> the<br />
rights <strong>of</strong> the authors.
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