The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians
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1. Body size<br />
Table 22: Bodyweight <strong>of</strong> Triturus vulgaris.<br />
Amphibians <strong>and</strong> <strong>pesticides</strong><br />
Age Sex Season Mean SD/SE Units Min. Max. N Country Habitat Notes Reference<br />
Adult M All year 1.6 0.2 SD g - - - Italy Mountain Reproductive Fasola <strong>and</strong> Canova<br />
(1992)<br />
Adult F All year 1.9 0.4 SD g - - - Italy Mountain Reproductive Fasola <strong>and</strong> Canova<br />
(1992)<br />
Adult M - 2.42 0.41 SD g - - 63 Irel<strong>and</strong> - February-June Marnell (1996)<br />
Adult F - 2.49 0.47 SD g - - 39 Irel<strong>and</strong> - February-June Marnell (1996)<br />
Table 23: Body length <strong>of</strong> Triturus cristatus.<br />
Age Sex Season Mean SD/SE Units Min. Max. N Country Habitat Notes Reference<br />
≤3mo. - - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 25 30 - UK - At metamorphosis Frazer (1983)<br />
≤3mo. - - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 25 35 - UK - At metamorphosis Frazer (1983)<br />
3.5 - - >35 - mm <strong>to</strong>tal - - - UK - At metamorphosis Frazer (1983)<br />
mo.<br />
Year 1 - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 34 45 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Year 2 - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 48 60 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Year 3 - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 58 70 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Year 4 - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 78 90 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Adult M - 79 - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 46 100 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Adult F - 76 - mm <strong>to</strong>tal 50 93 - UK - Frazer (1983)<br />
Adult M - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal - 109 - UK - Maximum size recorded Frazer (1983)<br />
A F - - - mm <strong>to</strong>tal - 100 - UK - Maximum size recorded Frazer (1983)<br />
A M - 40.40. 0.28 SE mm SVL 35.1 47.4 88 Sweden,<br />
Norway,<br />
Denmark,<br />
Finl<strong>and</strong><br />
Museum<br />
specimens<br />
Tail length 37.51±0.38<br />
SE (range 28.8-44.1)<br />
Malmgren <strong>and</strong><br />
Thollesson (1999)<br />
Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 143<br />
<strong>The</strong> present document has been produced <strong>and</strong> adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context <strong>of</strong> a contract between the European Food<br />
Safety Authority <strong>and</strong> the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. <strong>The</strong> present document is published complying with the transparency principle <strong>to</strong> which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an<br />
output adopted by the Authority. <strong>The</strong> European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view <strong>and</strong> position as regards the issues addressed <strong>and</strong> the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice <strong>to</strong> the<br />
rights <strong>of</strong> the authors.
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