The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

Table 69: Seasonal activities of Bufo calamita.
Amphibians and pesticides
Begin Peak End Country Habitat Notes Reference
(early) April
(main) late May
(late) mid July
(early) early May
(main) mid June
(late) end July
(early) mid April
(main) mid June
(early) mid April
(main) mid June
(early) early May
(main) early June
(late) late July
-
-
-
Early May
Late June
Late July
-
21/22 June
Early May
-
-
-
-
mid-May
early July
August
Mid-May
Early July
Mid August
Early June
Mid July
Early June
Mid July
Late May
Early July
End July
Mating/laying
Germany Agricultural 3 breeding periods, 9 calling
periods throughout breeding
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season
Sinsch (1988b)
Germany - 3 breeding periods, 1991 data Sinsch and Seidel
(1995)
Germany - 2 breeding periods, 1992 data Sinsch and Seidel
(1995)
Germany - 2 breeding periods, 1993 data Sinsch and Seidel
(1995)
Germany - 3 breeding periods, 1994 data Sinsch and Seidel
(1995)
End January - - Spain Temporary pond Tejedo (1993)
February April - Spain Agricultural (semi-arid) Breeding period Miaud et al (2000)
Early April - Mid July France Urban park Some sporadic calling activities
recorded in late July and August
Huste et al (2006)
Early June - End July Germany Agricultural 1986 data Sinsch (1992)
Early April - End July Germany Agricultural 1987 data Sinsch (1992)
Early April - Mid July Germany Agricultural 1988 data Sinsch (1992)
Early April - Early July Germany Agricultural 1989 data Sinsch (1992)
Begin April - Early August Germany Agricultural 1990 data Sinsch (1992)
Late April - End July Germany Agricultural 1991 data Sinsch (1992)
April September Spain, S France - Review Beebee (1979)
April June Poland, UK - Review Beebee (1979)
End March Switzerland - Review Beebee (1979)
Larval period
Early February Late February Late April Spain Nature reserve 1979 data Diaz-Paniagua (1988)
1 st Mid January
2 nd Mid February Mid April
Spain Nature reserve 2 Periods/peaks (1985 data) Diaz-Paniagua (1988)
Mid April Mid May
Mid June