The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

Amphibians and pesticides
Table 9: Studies of the effects of dermal exposure (treated substrate, direct overspray or ventral application) on survival, behaviour and cholinesterase
(ChE) inhibition.
Species Stage (size) Pesticide
(Formulation/
purity)
Northern cricket
frog
(Acris gryllus)
Southern cricket
frog
(Acris crepitans)
Fowler’s toad
(Bufo woodhousei
fowleri)
Northern leopard
frog
(Rana pipiens)
Wood frog
(Rana sylvatica)
American toad
(Bufo americanus)
American toad
(Bufo americanus)
Southern cricket
frog
(Acris gryllus)
NR
(22mm
mean)
NR
(21-25mm
means)
NR
(20-28mm
means)
Aldrin
(95%)
Aldrin
(95%)
Aldrin
(95%)
Adult Aminocarb
(Matacil 1.4
OSC)
Adult Aminocarb
(Matacil 1.4
OSC)
Adult Aminocarb
(Matacil 1.4
OSC)
Metamorph
(c. 0.26g)
NR
(12-15mm,
0.4g)
Carbaryl
(Sevin 22.5%)
DDT
(100%)
Exposure method Temp.
(°C)
Filter paper 26.7±1.1
(80±2°F)
Filter paper 26.7±1.1
(80±2°F)
Filter paper 26.7±1.1
(80±2°F)
Aerial forest spray
(field)
Aerial forest spray
(field)
Aerial forest spray
(field)
Ambient
(Jun-Aug)
Ambient
(Jun-Aug)
Ambient
(Jun-Aug)
Paper towel - Mortality;
Feeding
behaviour;
Endpoint Dose Effects Reference
Mortality 3.1-4.7 µg/cm 2 36h TL50 (approx.
dose leading to 50%
mortality at 36h)
Mortality 3.1-11.8 µg/cm 2 36h TL50 (approx.
dose leading to 50%
mortality at 36h)
Mortality 0.8-157 µg/cm 2 36h TL50 (approx.
dose leading to 50%
mortality at 36h)
Behaviour 175 g a.i./ha No significant effect
on activity
Behaviour 175 g a.i./ha No significant effect
on activity
Behaviour 175 g a.i./ha Mixed results
(evidence of both
increases and
decreases in activity)
depending on
measurement and
Bodyweight
Saturated with
2mg a.i./L
solution (24h
exposure)
Ferguson and
Gilbert (1967)
Ferguson and
Gilbert (1967)
Ferguson and
Gilbert (1967)
Bracher and Bider
(1982)
Bracher and Bider
(1982)
Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 29
The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food
Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an
output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the
rights of the authors.
site.
No mortality
No effect on feeding
behaviour
No effect on growth
Filter paper - Mortality 0.063 mg/cm2 3.3% mortality (after
36h)
Bracher and Bider
(1982)
Webber et al.
(2010)
Boyd et al. (1963)