The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Amphibians and pesticides Exposure of amphibians to plant protection products may occur through direct absorption from contaminated water bodies in the aquatic phase, or ingestion of contaminated food or water, contact with sprayed surfaces or direct overspray in the terrestrial phase. The aims of this project were to: 1. Provide information useful for risk assessment on a range of European species of amphibian that might be at risk of exposure. 2. Collate data on the toxicity of pesticides to amphibians suitable for comparison with other species such as fish, birds and mammals. 3. Identify other possible routes of exposure. The findings for these are presented along with some recommendations about how they may be used and additional research that would assist in exposure assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature survey was conducted by the Fera Information Centre using a list of search terms as detailed in Appendix A. Databases searched were CAB Abstracts, AGRICOLA, AGRIS, Environmental Sciences, MEDLINE(R), Enviroline(R), Pollution Abstracts, Biosis Previews(R), ToxFile and Water Resources Abstracts. Further searches were made of the US EPA Ecotox database, the Reptile and Amphibian Toxicity Literature database (RATL), and key publications and reviews including Sparling et al. (2000, 2010), Wells (2007). Original papers identified in the search were either obtained from Fera’s stock of 10,000 books and monographs, and subscriptions to over 200 current journals. Where publications were not available inhouse, these were obtained from inter-library loans or via the range of contacts and reciprocal agreements that Fera has with other special libraries relevant to Fera’s areas of business. A literature database was created in EndNote and submitted to EFSA. In the first stage of the study, a review was performed to identify key information on the use of agricultural (or similar) habitats by amphibians along with information useful for estimating exposure to pesticides. The review considered state-of-the-knowledge through search of information from scientific literature, study reports and other documents. Key publications included Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles 2 nd Edition (Sparling et al, 2010) and The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians (Wells 2007). Detailed information (e.g. dietary information and body weight data), for representative (widespread and associated with agricultural environments) European species of frogs, toads and newts were collated. In the second stage, toxicity data for amphibians was collated for both aquatic and terrestrial phases where available. Any reports of studies identified as useful and not available in existing databases (e.g. US EPA ECOTOX database) were evaluated to assess their reliability. 1. Species at risk Information found in the literature search and other sources identified was used to identify species at risk and obtain available information on use of agricultural habitat. Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 6 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
1.1. European species Amphibians and pesticides Information on the amphibian species found in the 27 European Union countries from the IUCN redlist (www.iucnredlist.org) are shown in Tables 1 and 2 along with information on the ‘artificial terrestrial’ habitats in which they are found. Also shown are the risk assessment zones which are covered by their country distribution. Supporting publications 2012:EN-343 7 The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). This task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s), awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Page 1 and 2: Supporting Publications 2012:EN-343
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Amphibians and pe
Page 5: TERMS OF REFERENCE AS PROVIDED BY E
Page 9 and 10: Amphibians and pesticides Common na
Page 11 and 12: Amphibians and pesticides Table 2:
Page 13 and 14: Amphibians and pesticides Common na
Page 15 and 16: Amphibians and pesticides 1.2. Asso
Page 19 and 20: Amphibians and pesticides were not
Page 21 and 22: Amphibians and pesticides release.
Page 23 and 24: Amphibians and pesticides Given thi
Page 25 and 26: Amphibians and pesticides Other app
Page 27 and 28: Table 8: References relating to der
Page 31 and 32: Species Stage (size) Pesticide (For
Page 37 and 38: Amphibians and pesticides Xiao et a
Page 39 and 40: Amphibians and pesticides is also l
Page 41 and 42: Table 11: 96h LC50 data for amphibi
Page 43 and 44: CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Amphibian
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Amphibian
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 38641940
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 131522 So
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Table 12: LD50 data from dosing stu
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Pesticide % a.i. Test material DDT
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Pesticide % a.i. Test material Dime
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Pesticide % a.i. Test material Ekat
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Pesticide % a.i. Mevinphos (Fosdrin
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Pesticide % a.i. Permethrin [(1R)-t
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Pesticide % a.i. Test material S-Bi
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Pesticide % a.i. Test material TEPP
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Amphibians and pesticides The limit
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Amphibians and pesticides Andreone
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Amphibians and pesticides Bidwell J
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Amphibians and pesticides Chenoweth
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Amphibians and pesticides EFSA, 200
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Amphibians and pesticides Garcia-Mu
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Amphibians and pesticides Hoglund J
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Amphibians and pesticides Kennedy I
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Amphibians and pesticides Lippe C,
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Amphibians and pesticides Nagy KA,
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Amphibians and pesticides Pellet J,
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Amphibians and pesticides Saka M, 2
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Amphibians and pesticides Snawder J
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Amphibians and pesticides Vogrin M
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APPENDICES A. SEARCH LOGIC EFSA Con
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Amphibians and pesticides 35. (Endo
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Amphibians and pesticides 77. track
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B. SPECIES INFORMATION - GREAT CRES
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Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex S
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Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex F
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Table 20: Seasonal activities of Tr
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1. Body size Table 22: Bodyweight o
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Table 26: Diet of Triturus vulgaris
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Table 28: Diet of newly metamorphos
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5. Other information Table 30: Age/
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2. Metabolic rate Table 33: Metabol
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Table 35: Diet of Rana temporaria i
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Table 37: Diet of Rana temporaria i
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Table 39: Seasonal activities of Ra
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E. SPECIES INFORMATION - COMMON TOA
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Table 44: Body length of Bufo bufo.
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3. Diet Table 46: Diet of Bufo bufo
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Table 48: Diet of Bufo bufo in the
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Amphibians and pesticides Age Sex F
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4. Seasonal activities Amphibians a
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5. Other information Table 53: Age/
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Table 59: Diet of Hyla arborea in R
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Table 60: Seasonal activities of Hy
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Amphibians and pesticides G. SPECIE
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3. Diet Table 66: Diet of Bufo cala
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Amphibians and pesticides Begin Pea
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Amphibians and pesticides Sex Mean
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2. Metabolic rate No metabolic rate
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Amphibians and pesticides Carabidae
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Table 80: Age at sexual maturity fo
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 94757 2,4
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 1910425 P
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J. SELECTED 48H LC50 DATA Table 82:
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 7487947 M
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 298000 Pa
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K. SELECTED 72H LC50 DATA Table 83:
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L. SELECTED LC50 DATA FOR ‘OTHER
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. 94757 2,4
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M. OMITTED LC50 DATA Table 85: Omit
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CAS Pesticide name % a.i. Test mate
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CAS Pesticide name 8011630 Bordeaux
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CAS Pesticide name 298000 Parathion
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CAS Pesticide name 56359 Tributylti
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Amphibians and pesticides Andreone
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Amphibians and pesticides Red List
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Amphibians and pesticides Lyciasala
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The exposure and toxicity of pesticides to amphibians

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