Zbornik radova Koridor 10 - Kirilo Savić

3rd International Scientific and Professional Conference
CORRIDOR 10 - a sustainable way of integrations
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper gives overview of the results of the project “Elaboration of Slovenian standard for unified
electronic ticket [1]” that was realized in 2011 and is part of umbrella project of integrated public
transport in Slovenia started in 2007 by Ministry of transport. The goal of the integrated public
transport project is to establish unified electronic ticket and harmonized time-table for bus and railway
traffic.
In Slovenia electronic ticketing systems are in use by almost all public transport operators. The
problem is that the implemented ticketing systems are not interoperable in terms of technology, data
models, product definitions, validation rules, missing business agreements, etc. With the elaboration of
Slovenian standard for electronic ticketing the goal was to set up general conditions for interoperability
of different electronic ticketing systems. The given project covers many aspects of electronic ticketing
systems starting from technology of contactless smart cards overview, including a survey of different
implementations of electronic ticketing systems for public transport in the Europe and worldwide,
analysis of systems’ implementation at Slovenian transport operators and electronic ticketing system
technology providers, research of possibilities to use new technologies like NFC and bank cards,
analysis of technological and data model standards with detailed description of SIST EN 15320:2011
and finally to different SWOT analyses and implementation cost estimations of interoperable electronic
ticketing system.
The project was primarily technologically oriented and results give a proposal for a unified technology
platform and a unified data model as basis for a Slovene national standard for electronic ticketing
systems implementation. The project did not deal with problems regarding unique tariff model, zone
model vs. distance model, check in vs. check-in/check-out system, product definition, validation rules,
business and clearing model, data exchange between different systems, organization, business
agreements, etc.
2. TECHNOLOGY OF ELECTRONIC TICKETING SYSTEMS
Electronic ticketing technologies are generally classified according to the way they are used. The
closer the card is to the terminal, the more reliable the transaction is, but the more constraining it is for
the user.
Contact-based technologies that are generally not used in public transportation are mainly based on a
standardized communication between user devices (only memory or smart cards) and access systems
compliant to the ISO 7816 standard [2].
Contactless cards operate on the principle of inductive loops and data are transferred by means of
alternating magnetic fields generated by the reader. Basically there are 3 available contactless smart
cards standards [3]: ISO/IEC 10536 (Close-coupling), ISO/IEC 15693 (Vicinity-coupling) and ISO/IEC
14443 – Type A/B (Proximity-coupling). The most widely used standard in public transportation is
ISO/IEC 14443 [4] which in general describes how contactless cards and terminals should work to
ensure industry-wide compatibility. Beside public transport sector this standard is also used in identity,
security, payment and access control applications. Avery standard ensuing from ISO/IEC 14443 is
also NFC (Near Field Communication) standard. Actually NFC is a set of standards where
communication protocols and data exchange formats are based on ISO/IEC 14443.
Public transportation is one of the most suitable sectors for use of contactless technology. The
reasons lie primarily in the ease of use for the passenger, speed of the transactions and controlled
payment services. The most important technology implementations that we encounter in the world are
as follows:
CALYPSO [5] is a standard for electronic public transport ticket, which was developed by a group of
European partners in the following cities: Brussels, Lisbon, Konstanz, Paris and Venice.
A Calypso portable device was historically a microprocessor smart card, but as technology moves on,
new devices like JAVA contactless cards, NFC mobile phones, USB key with a contactless
communication interface are also supported. Calypso is an open technology, free from any
manufacturing monopoly making it both economical and adaptable to evolving future technology
changes.
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