Zbornik radova Koridor 10 - Kirilo Savić

3rd International Scientific and Professional Conference
CORRIDOR 10 - a sustainable way of integrations
Table 2: Number of electronic tickets of different types [1]
Company / Card
type
Četrta pot Margento Princ SUM
MIFARE Classic 560 / / 560
MIFARE Plus / / / /
DESFIRE EV1 1120 710 350 2180
SUM 1680 710 350 2740
Table 3: Number of terminal equipment of different types (validators, mobile terminals, sales points)
[1]
The upper numbers show that Mifare DesFire card is used in more than 75% and almost 80% of
terminal equipment is compatible with this technology. Regarding this and directions from general
overview of electronic ticketing technology the Mifare DesFire technology is proposed to be used for
implementation of integrated ticketing system in Slovenia. Existing differences in equipment can be
easily overtaken by replacing some older terminal equipment and contactless cards.
Also we analyzed compatibility of existing equipment with the new technologies. Only small part of
equipment supports NFC technology for using NFC mobile phones for electronic ticketing and there is
no support for EMV standard that enables using standard bank cards for electronic ticketing. While
these are technologies of the near future the proposal is that the new terminal equipment that will
replace the exploited one should support these technologies. In this way in few next years the
equipment in Slovenia will be prepared for oncoming technologies.
Special attention was put to consider possibility of using bank cards for electronic ticketing. Beside
analyze of word developments and implementations of bank cards in public transport the meetings
with Slovenian banks were done. The first limitation found was that at the moment there are no
contactless bank cards in mass use, just a few pilot projects. With participation of banks in public
transport system there will be new players and consequently new organization and business models
should be prepared. While all this cannot be solved in short time, the suggestion is, that the electronic
ticketing system in Slovenia in the first phase should be implemented without bank cards, but the
equipment should be step by step prepared to be capable to include bank cards in the system. For
that time we also expect that world standards for using bank cards in public transport will be
developed by word players in this field like MasterCard and Visa.
6. DATA MODEL OF INTEGRATED PUBLIC TRANSPORT
A problem to achieve interoperability of existing systems is principally not a matter of different HW
technology (card and terminal equipment technology) but rather of divergent data models underlying
terminal and back-office applications at ticketing system providers. Not a single data model used in
existing Slovenian ticketing systems complies with the international or national standards; actually
they are custom designed and developed from the scratch in consideration of particular transport
operators’ needs. As a consequence, all technology providers consider their data model and its
implementations a business secret and are not willing to share their model with each other.
Overview of the world standards on ticketing systems’ interoperability additionally supports the above
conclusion for data models being the core problem [16]. Since interoperability is a problem in all
systems a variety of standards was developed focusing on data models. Low level is dealt with in EN
1545 standard [17] dated in 2005 which defines elementary data types, code lists and data elements.
This standard is accepted worldwide but it only defines data elements without reference to data model
itself. The most recognized public transport interoperability standards are ITSO [18] in United
Kingdom, Calypso [5] in France and Belgium, SDOA [19] in Netherlands, VDV Kernaplikation [20] in
Germany and APTA [21] in USA. All these standards put the data model in focus and all of them
support compatibility with EN 1545.
Europe wide interoperability is subject of Interoperable Fare Management Project (IFM) [22] that
started in 2008 where the majority of European organizations involved in national standards for public
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