constructing pathways to translation - Higher Education Commission

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125 By this Berman is referring to the linguistic variety and creativity of the novel and the way translation tends to reduce variation. He identifies the following twelve ‘deforming tendencies’. 1. Rationalization. 2. Clarification. 3. Expansion. 4. Ennoblement. 5. Qualitative Improvishment. 6. Quantitative Improvishment. 7. The Destruction of Rhythms. 8. The Destruction of Underlying Networks of Signification. 9. The Destruction of Linguistic Patterning. 10. The Destruction of Vernacular networks or their Exoticization. 11.The Destruction of Expressions and Idioms. 12.The Effacement of the Super Imposition of Languages (Munday, 2001:150-151). A major and hot issue that contributes to the discussion of untranslatability, is the way translation tends to erase traces of different forms of language that co-exist in the ST and cultural transposition is made possible in translations. All the above mentioned trends in translation regarding culture are important, and need to be coped with, carefully and creatively. They have a dominating influence on the practice of translation throughout the world, and especially the Third World, which has been a colonized territory for a long time and where traces of Colonialism are still prevailing in all its post-colonial manifestations. The selected Urdu novels for analysis, unveil these trends and tendencies fully. This leads one to consider the area of Cultural Specifity and its place in Translation Process. 3.4.6 CULTURAL SPECIFICITY AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSLATION In recent years, there has been a shift in translation structures from linguistically oriented approaches to culturally oriented ones. This view is epitomized in variants such as ‘one does not translate languages but culture’, and ‘in translation we transfer culture not languages’. Translation is conceived as a cross-linguistic cultural practice involving recontextualization. Two fundamentally different types of re-contextualization are distinguished which lead to two different types of translation. In translating, a text in one language is replaced by a functionally equivalent text in another language. Functional Equivalence is, thus, a key notion in Translation Theory and Criticism. Functional
126 Equivalence can be established and evaluated by referring the original and translation to the context of the situation enveloping the original and translation, and by examining the interplay of different contextual factors or dimensions reflected in the text, as well as shaping it. Equivalence of function differs markedly in two empirically derived types of translation, Overt Translation and Covert Translation. Thus, in order to resolve the crucial conflict in translation between universal and cultural specificity, a distinction of two translation types, Overt and Covert Translation, can prove insightful. Covert translation, is psycholinguistically, less complex than Overt Translation, and more deceptive. Changes at the level of language/ text and register may be undertaken, in order to achieve functional equivalence, which results in a quite different text, and this accounts for the fact that Covert Translations are often received as though they were original texts. In order to achieve this originality in covert translation, a translator employs a so called ‘cultural filter’. This ‘cultural filter’ is the means with which the translator compensates for culture specificity. The cultural filter is often expertly integrated into the fabric of the text, that the seams do not show. One of the most impressive examples of cultural differences is drawn from comparison of a European language and languages of South East Asia, where the socio-cultural differences are obviously remarkable. This compensatory mechanism is full adopted/adapted and illustrated through practical application in chapters of Novel Analysis. Koller (cited in Riccardi,2002), lists a number of Standard Translational Procedures for overcoming such cultural translation problems, such as using commentaries, loan words or translation, adaptations, explications, definitions and paraphrases. All these procedures have venerable traditions in ethnographic research. The pattern of cross cultural differences that has emerged from the contrastive pragmatic analysis can be displayed along the five dimensions:
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CONSTRUCTING PATHWAYS TO TRANSLATIO
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGU
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ABSTRACT The study touches upon all
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW--------
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Chapter 4 URDU TRANSLATION: PROCESS
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Chapter 07 Page ANALYSIS OF THE NOV
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xiii Page 10.2.8 The use of Cogniti
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11.3 Researcher’s Suggested Model
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii I owe a debt o
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DEDICATED TO MY FATHER Citadel of P
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When? Is concerned with the time of
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3. Translation: the abstract concep
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A theory/pedagogy is an explanation
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3. Models of the dynamics of the pr
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a domain dominated by mimesis, but
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candidates such as ‘translatology
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Figure 1.5 Applied Translation Stud
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translation research, or felt that
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quantifiable textual and extra- tex
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considerable unease and puzzlement
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� To build this outline into a Mo
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of Translation and Text Linguistics
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ways of talking more sensibly about
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At word Level TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY
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Table 2.1. Text -types, Forms and S
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A still different line has been ado
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otherwise, but caution must be exer
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Figure 2.3 Reception and Production
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Parser Lexical Search Mechanism Sou
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the boundaries of such elements are
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phenomenon. The actual words and ex
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c. The SL Word is Semantically Comp
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Language. ‘Dilentante’ is a loa
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7. Translation by Omission: If the
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particularly significant in a given
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. An idiom or fixed expression may
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Naturalness and readability means t
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The above discussion and practical
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iv. Translation of Puns: If the pur
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supported with an attribute, unless
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In practice, the lack of grammatica
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All this amounts to the fact that i
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2.6.4 TEXTURAL EQUIVALENCE: THEMATI
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a. It acts as a part of orientation
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and transitivity in system, is that
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2.6.4.3 Thematic structure; Text Or
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Page 95 and 96: -description). This can then be fol
Page 97 and 98: Reference Substitution Junction End
Page 99 and 100: the chunking of information, how mu
Page 101 and 102: In translations, it is impossible t
Page 103 and 104: is linked as explanatory coherence,
Page 105 and 106: Figure 2.9 Variation: Use and User
Page 107 and 108: In the main, accessibility is a fun
Page 109 and 110: the manner in which the message is
Page 111 and 112: in the TT the effects it has on the
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.11 Relationship between La
Page 115 and 116: features with their roots in the So
Page 117 and 118: Third, in planning translation stra
Page 119 and 120: 100 assessing the segment of the Ta
Page 121 and 122: I. Compensation in Kind 102 This re
Page 123 and 124: 104 The traced Pedagogy has, theref
Page 125 and 126: 2.7.1 CONTEXTUAL CONFIGURATION 106
Page 127 and 128: 108 Sequences. A Sequence in a text
Page 129 and 130: 110 All this configuration is of gr
Page 131 and 132: 112 taken into consideration is tha
Page 133 and 134: CHAPTER 3 114 IMPLICATIONS OF LITER
Page 135 and 136: 116 constraints on the reader, writ
Page 137 and 138: 118 Translation, then, is a visible
Page 139 and 140: 120 The practice of translators als
Page 141 and 142: 122 In order to be ethical, we have
Page 143: 124 second is Foreignizing method,
Page 147 and 148: 128 Association that takes place wi
Page 149 and 150: 130 Within the model, attention nee
Page 151 and 152: 132 typical of contemporary psycho-
Page 153 and 154: 134 All Text Processing is, to a la
Page 155 and 156: 136 operate under a different set o
Page 157 and 158: 138 3.5.5 A HEURISTIC FOR RESEARCH
Page 159 and 160: 140 level of the sentence. Furtherm
Page 161 and 162: 142 often been argued that translat
Page 163 and 164: 144 a. It is an activity, which, by
Page 165 and 166: 146 Some characteristics can be und
Page 167 and 168: 148 3.6.4 CONCLUSION Finally, Secon
Page 169 and 170: 150 the world’s languages. Accord
Page 171 and 172: 152 Thus the development of Urdu pr
Page 173 and 174: 154 According to historians, the mi
Page 175 and 176: 156 phase. The entire literary scen
Page 177 and 178: 158 In 1950, Bakir Hussain Syed in
Page 179 and 180: 160 stands for the great sin(Gunah-
Page 181 and 182: 162 3. Introduce new inputs and to
Page 183 and 184: 5. Genres (Keinda) and the spirit o
Page 185 and 186: 166 connotations of the word ‘Def
Page 187 and 188: 168 should, therefore, be given to
Page 189 and 190: 170 there is ambiguity, but it is r
Page 191 and 192: 4.5.8 Differences in Expressions -
Page 193 and 194: 174 Translation Pedagogy and Proces
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176 The problems faced by Urdu theo
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178 least six various forms; Ro par
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180 number of advantages for meetin
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182 Muqtadira Quami Zuban (National
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184 language. The committee constit
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186 Hussain, translating the litera
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188 beings, because both are the so
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Chapter 05 TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEAR
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Chapter 08 iv Page ANALYSIS OF THE
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vi Page 11.3 Initial steps that hel
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11.3 Researcher’s Suggested Model
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CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
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From Urdu into English: 1- Novel: K
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5.1.9 Coding Categories All Coding
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5.2 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL ‘THE OL
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the man and Marlin at opposite ends
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Boorhey ney Dolphin key halq sey ka
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2-ST. p: 3. He never went turtling.
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ST. p: 10. He left the smell of the
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---------(missing)Ye khar-e- Istikh
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Khush qismati to kai andaz mein aan
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TT.P:46. Sirgasoon bootiyon keh aik
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2. Measures: ST. p:10. There was a
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The sun rose thinly from the sea an
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Boorhey macheron main sey kai doser
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1: Voice Change ST. p:11. There was
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2.Substitution ST. p:80. The boy we
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Aik aurat ki nazar machli ki aik az
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I ‘ll kill him through, ‘he sai
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esides the great birds and beasts.
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On the brown walls of the flattened
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Aay mariyam! to baes-i-i khudawandi
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As for grammatical equivalence: num
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aspect which are absolutely contrar
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CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL :
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Characters lack names; such epithet
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deconstructive reading of these opp
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TT. P: 294. Un sipahiyon ko apni kh
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TT. p: 265. Hamayshaa tum jahiloon
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Bohat sey sipahee mutawatar sar uta
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2- Cliche Metaphors ST. p:22. In th
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Us ney kuch tammul key saath yeh bh
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Wo aik aysey shagen ko itmanan sey
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Pattion or Tehnioon ka acha khasa m
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The longest speech of the novel on
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Jab wo yoon andha dhundh barrha cha
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TT. p:10. ‘Jim, Kiya baat hay’
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3. Impersonality and Accessibility
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You talk as if you thought you was
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3. Compensation by Merging ST. p: 1
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B.Compound phrases Adjective & Noun
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and untranslatable. But the plot an
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CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL ‘
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The first domestic strand of the na
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did not have an auxiliary role, but
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ST. p:54 -Alu choolay TT. p:38 Pota
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Khushk pate rukruk kar us tahra kha
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ST. p: 76 TT . p: 48 ST . p:118 TT.
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Ghabraen nahi TT. P:40 There’s no
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ST. p: 1 64 Donoo darakhtoon key ne
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2. ST. p: 364 Us ke awaz us waqat p
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3.4 Translation of Puns ST .p: 216
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TT. p:16 103 Nausha lowered his eye
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Norouz hairat se chonk para. iskool
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But I shall be here when you want m
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5. Voice ST. p:386 Car start hoyi o
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Aaj paanch haramzade mare gai TT. p
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TT. p: 50 Leaning over to Akbar he
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It was her dearest desire to put he
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4. ST. p: 39 Abey thater chalta hai
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Qadam qadam tokhrein khaney key bad
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Nausha jail mein tha aur phansi key
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TT : p.160. R aise the truth up to
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125 7.5 FINDINGS OF THEORETICAL ANA
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impersonal but lacks spontaneity an
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CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL:
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131 forging identities, about great
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133
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135 However if analysed theoretical
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344)__(TT.p: 242-258), are some of
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Political slogans have not even bee
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uthta, aur koi bhi gootnoo per utta
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143 Kia maangta hai - kiyoon aya? G
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One misses in the Englsih version,
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The author in the ST has employed a
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The Fourth and final part in both t
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9.1.1 Purpose/ Justification CHAPTE
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3. Dr Attash Durrani: 153 He has a
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9.1.9 Standards of Survey Research
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On the whole, all the respondents s
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freedom and limitation.Dr Ikram Aza
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It is for the same reasons that non
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CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND
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What is required at the moment is t
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different things. Gregory Rebassa i
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different people: the author, the e
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from Aristotle to recent reading th
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In Translation, there is no such th
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175 control of the translator. The
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achievement occurs in Art. If one w
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its slips of vocabulary. It is far
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181 In translations, language shoul
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entailed responsibility, is at the
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Linguistics to describe Translation
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it. So, while there must be theoret
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189 Translation includes in itself,
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how they do it. They will need abov
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exists in other developed countries
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linguistics relevant to translation
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and are not comprehendible to reade
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TOWARDS CURRICULUM PLANNING AND 199
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The following models have been rese
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translation instruction as a unique
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205 11.4 CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEAR
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11.5 THE RESEARCHERS SUGGESTED MODE
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Select Student and Course Evaluatio
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SEMESTER 3 S. Course Title of Cours
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213 hurculean task, the basic found
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REFERENCES Allen,S. (Ed.). (1999).
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Durrani, A. (Jan, 1993). Urdu Dunya
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Leighton, L. (Ed. & Trans.).(1984).
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Shahid, H.M. (1989). Sir Abdul Qadi
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PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE; PRODUCTION AN
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RECEPTION OF TEXT SURFACE PARSING I
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Table 2 Schema Of Textual Filters T
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Figure 5 Psycholinguistic Model of
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A. Literary translation General lan
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Table 03 CONCORD OF GENDER: MUSCULI
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APPENDIX C Table 1 Parts of Speech
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3.5 Past Continuative Habitual : la
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3.11 Present Progressive : / lar∂
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3.17 Simple Future: / laega / (will
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� NAME: � AGE: � ACADEMIC BAC
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Q2: Does Translation process involv
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xxvi
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xxviii
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xxx
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PART-I xxxii Q.1 Approx about all t
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REPLY 3. DR. NAEEM KLASRA PROFILE x
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xxxvi When I completed translation
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xxxviii ANS:- It is must to have ap
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4:- Should have acquaintance about
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REPLY 4. DR ASIF FARRUKHI xlii
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xliv
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REPLY 6. DR IKRAM AZAM xlvi
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xlviii
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