constructing pathways to translation - Higher Education Commission

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156 It is also considered very important by all the respondents, that translators should be well versed in Urdu/English linguistic theory, as far as prose configurations are concerned. designs and textual The translator’s firm grasp on all writings skills; rhetoric, discourse etc, is considered vital and important by the respondents. Dr Mirza Hamid Baig adds that besides command of the writing skill, the translator must have poetic sensibility as well, in order to transfer the essence of the message. All the respondents agree with the impression that translation of fiction is more difficult and painstaking compared to the translation of religious and political texts.The translation should be the combination of both literal and free. No translation can appeal to senses or stand the test of true translation if it is restricted to any one type; either free or literal. Rather a good translation is always a combination of both. Adherence to any one type would render the text artificial and unnatural. Translation is a creative art, has been agreed by all respondents. Dr Hamid quotes Hassan Askari’s art of translation, which he considers as even more creative than his original writings. It is only Dr Naeem Klasra who thinks that translation is not at all a creative act. His vision about the task of translation is limited only to the understanding of the subject, the classics of the world which is very typical of the medical doctor. For Dr Ikram Azam, cocreative Empathy and imagination are essential for any impressive successful translation. Machine Translation (MT) can never be a substitute for translating literary texts, has been agreed to by all the respondents, without any difference. Cultural Transmission in both English and Urdu Languages is possible in translation. But as Dr Hamid replied, such transmission is neither absolute; nor very exact, but on the general level it is very much possible, as is also evident in the practical analysis of the translations under review. Dr Ikram Azam stresses the need of respect for the culture of both ST and TT. The respondents agree that translations should be done. Dr Hamid points out that Urdu and South Asian experiences should be translated into English. Dr Ikram Azam
On the whole, all the respondents strongly hold that good and world class translations Abdullah Hussein’s reply to the entire Questionnaire is extremely different and does not 157 emphasizes the comparative Bilingual Learning-Teaching of Language and Literature in which Translation plays a central role. can be produced without strict adherence to any Translation Theory. Dr Attash has righly remarked that in the absence of any Translation Theory, the translator must have essential expertise. Only then would he be able to produce a good piece of translation. require any comments. It is self-explanatory and is, therefore, documented in its complete form in chapter 8 of thesis, where his work is critiqued. His answers may be inferred from his reply. However, during telephonic conversation, he very frankly admitted that he does not know anything written in the Questionnaire, hence he cannot answer it. He considers all work as a matter of inborn creative talent which cannot be categorized under any term or theory or any skill. He had no such theory in mind in the course of the translation ; ‘THE WEARY GENERATIONS’. It testifies the approach that Abdullah Hussein holds about translation skills and the translator. 9.2.2 COGNITION AND THINKING IN TRANSLATION This is probably the most difficult area, about which no theory as such can be propounded. One also finds the same diversity in the answers of the respondents. All the respondents agree that translation does require special training and cognitive process. Dr Attash Durrani has pointed out that special thinking in case of rearrangement and additive technique is required. It is only Dr Naeem Klasra, who speaks from point of view of his medical profession and considers that special thinking and special cognitive processes are not required in the translation. For Dr Ikram Azam, critical-analytical- integrative-holistic creative thinking skills are essential for any creative activity, including Translation. These skills cover both intuition and imagination, above all the ever elusive common sense. In the same way the use of intuitive power and sixth sense during the translation process has also been denied by Dr Naeem, on medical grounds. Dr Attash Durrani holds that rather than intuitive power and the sixth sense, the thing that is important is the use of common sense and cultural awareness that are of great help in translation. Dr Hamid, on
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CONSTRUCTING PATHWAYS TO TRANSLATIO
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGU
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ABSTRACT The study touches upon all
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW--------
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Chapter 4 URDU TRANSLATION: PROCESS
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Chapter 07 Page ANALYSIS OF THE NOV
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xiii Page 10.2.8 The use of Cogniti
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11.3 Researcher’s Suggested Model
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii I owe a debt o
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DEDICATED TO MY FATHER Citadel of P
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When? Is concerned with the time of
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3. Translation: the abstract concep
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A theory/pedagogy is an explanation
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3. Models of the dynamics of the pr
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a domain dominated by mimesis, but
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candidates such as ‘translatology
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Figure 1.5 Applied Translation Stud
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translation research, or felt that
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quantifiable textual and extra- tex
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considerable unease and puzzlement
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� To build this outline into a Mo
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of Translation and Text Linguistics
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ways of talking more sensibly about
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At word Level TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY
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Table 2.1. Text -types, Forms and S
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A still different line has been ado
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otherwise, but caution must be exer
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Figure 2.3 Reception and Production
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Parser Lexical Search Mechanism Sou
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the boundaries of such elements are
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phenomenon. The actual words and ex
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c. The SL Word is Semantically Comp
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Language. ‘Dilentante’ is a loa
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7. Translation by Omission: If the
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particularly significant in a given
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. An idiom or fixed expression may
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Naturalness and readability means t
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The above discussion and practical
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iv. Translation of Puns: If the pur
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supported with an attribute, unless
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In practice, the lack of grammatica
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All this amounts to the fact that i
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2.6.4 TEXTURAL EQUIVALENCE: THEMATI
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a. It acts as a part of orientation
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and transitivity in system, is that
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2.6.4.3 Thematic structure; Text Or
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The concepts of theme/rheme determi
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-description). This can then be fol
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Reference Substitution Junction End
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the chunking of information, how mu
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In translations, it is impossible t
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is linked as explanatory coherence,
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Figure 2.9 Variation: Use and User
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In the main, accessibility is a fun
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the manner in which the message is
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in the TT the effects it has on the
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Figure 2.11 Relationship between La
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features with their roots in the So
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Third, in planning translation stra
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100 assessing the segment of the Ta
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I. Compensation in Kind 102 This re
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104 The traced Pedagogy has, theref
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2.7.1 CONTEXTUAL CONFIGURATION 106
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108 Sequences. A Sequence in a text
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110 All this configuration is of gr
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112 taken into consideration is tha
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CHAPTER 3 114 IMPLICATIONS OF LITER
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116 constraints on the reader, writ
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118 Translation, then, is a visible
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120 The practice of translators als
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122 In order to be ethical, we have
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124 second is Foreignizing method,
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126 Equivalence can be established
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128 Association that takes place wi
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130 Within the model, attention nee
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132 typical of contemporary psycho-
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134 All Text Processing is, to a la
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136 operate under a different set o
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138 3.5.5 A HEURISTIC FOR RESEARCH
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140 level of the sentence. Furtherm
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142 often been argued that translat
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144 a. It is an activity, which, by
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146 Some characteristics can be und
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148 3.6.4 CONCLUSION Finally, Secon
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150 the world’s languages. Accord
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152 Thus the development of Urdu pr
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154 According to historians, the mi
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156 phase. The entire literary scen
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158 In 1950, Bakir Hussain Syed in
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160 stands for the great sin(Gunah-
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162 3. Introduce new inputs and to
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5. Genres (Keinda) and the spirit o
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166 connotations of the word ‘Def
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168 should, therefore, be given to
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170 there is ambiguity, but it is r
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4.5.8 Differences in Expressions -
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174 Translation Pedagogy and Proces
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176 The problems faced by Urdu theo
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178 least six various forms; Ro par
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180 number of advantages for meetin
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182 Muqtadira Quami Zuban (National
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184 language. The committee constit
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186 Hussain, translating the litera
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188 beings, because both are the so
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Chapter 05 TABLE OF CONTENTS RESEAR
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Chapter 08 iv Page ANALYSIS OF THE
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vi Page 11.3 Initial steps that hel
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11.3 Researcher’s Suggested Model
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CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
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From Urdu into English: 1- Novel: K
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5.1.9 Coding Categories All Coding
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5.2 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL ‘THE OL
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the man and Marlin at opposite ends
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Boorhey ney Dolphin key halq sey ka
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2-ST. p: 3. He never went turtling.
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ST. p: 10. He left the smell of the
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---------(missing)Ye khar-e- Istikh
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Khush qismati to kai andaz mein aan
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TT.P:46. Sirgasoon bootiyon keh aik
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2. Measures: ST. p:10. There was a
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The sun rose thinly from the sea an
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Boorhey macheron main sey kai doser
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1: Voice Change ST. p:11. There was
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2.Substitution ST. p:80. The boy we
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Aik aurat ki nazar machli ki aik az
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I ‘ll kill him through, ‘he sai
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esides the great birds and beasts.
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On the brown walls of the flattened
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Aay mariyam! to baes-i-i khudawandi
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As for grammatical equivalence: num
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aspect which are absolutely contrar
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CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL :
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Characters lack names; such epithet
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deconstructive reading of these opp
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TT. P: 294. Un sipahiyon ko apni kh
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TT. p: 265. Hamayshaa tum jahiloon
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Bohat sey sipahee mutawatar sar uta
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2- Cliche Metaphors ST. p:22. In th
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Us ney kuch tammul key saath yeh bh
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Wo aik aysey shagen ko itmanan sey
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Pattion or Tehnioon ka acha khasa m
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The longest speech of the novel on
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Jab wo yoon andha dhundh barrha cha
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TT. p:10. ‘Jim, Kiya baat hay’
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3. Impersonality and Accessibility
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You talk as if you thought you was
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3. Compensation by Merging ST. p: 1
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B.Compound phrases Adjective & Noun
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and untranslatable. But the plot an
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CHAPTER 7 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL ‘
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The first domestic strand of the na
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did not have an auxiliary role, but
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ST. p:54 -Alu choolay TT. p:38 Pota
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Khushk pate rukruk kar us tahra kha
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ST. p: 76 TT . p: 48 ST . p:118 TT.
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Ghabraen nahi TT. P:40 There’s no
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ST. p: 1 64 Donoo darakhtoon key ne
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2. ST. p: 364 Us ke awaz us waqat p
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3.4 Translation of Puns ST .p: 216
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TT. p:16 103 Nausha lowered his eye
Page 321 and 322: Norouz hairat se chonk para. iskool
Page 323 and 324: But I shall be here when you want m
Page 325 and 326: 5. Voice ST. p:386 Car start hoyi o
Page 327 and 328: Aaj paanch haramzade mare gai TT. p
Page 329 and 330: TT. p: 50 Leaning over to Akbar he
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Page 333 and 334: 4. ST. p: 39 Abey thater chalta hai
Page 335 and 336: Qadam qadam tokhrein khaney key bad
Page 337 and 338: Nausha jail mein tha aur phansi key
Page 339 and 340: TT : p.160. R aise the truth up to
Page 341 and 342: 125 7.5 FINDINGS OF THEORETICAL ANA
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Page 345 and 346: CHAPTER 8 ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL:
Page 347 and 348: 131 forging identities, about great
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Page 351 and 352: 135 However if analysed theoretical
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Page 355 and 356: Political slogans have not even bee
Page 357 and 358: uthta, aur koi bhi gootnoo per utta
Page 359 and 360: 143 Kia maangta hai - kiyoon aya? G
Page 361 and 362: One misses in the Englsih version,
Page 363 and 364: The author in the ST has employed a
Page 365 and 366: The Fourth and final part in both t
Page 367 and 368: 9.1.1 Purpose/ Justification CHAPTE
Page 369 and 370: 3. Dr Attash Durrani: 153 He has a
Page 371: 9.1.9 Standards of Survey Research
Page 375 and 376: freedom and limitation.Dr Ikram Aza
Page 377 and 378: It is for the same reasons that non
Page 379 and 380: CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND
Page 381 and 382: What is required at the moment is t
Page 383 and 384: different things. Gregory Rebassa i
Page 385 and 386: different people: the author, the e
Page 387 and 388: from Aristotle to recent reading th
Page 389 and 390: In Translation, there is no such th
Page 391 and 392: 175 control of the translator. The
Page 393 and 394: achievement occurs in Art. If one w
Page 395 and 396: its slips of vocabulary. It is far
Page 397 and 398: 181 In translations, language shoul
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Page 401 and 402: Linguistics to describe Translation
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Page 405 and 406: 189 Translation includes in itself,
Page 407 and 408: how they do it. They will need abov
Page 409 and 410: exists in other developed countries
Page 411 and 412: linguistics relevant to translation
Page 413 and 414: and are not comprehendible to reade
Page 415 and 416: TOWARDS CURRICULUM PLANNING AND 199
Page 417 and 418: The following models have been rese
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Page 421 and 422: 205 11.4 CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEAR
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11.5 THE RESEARCHERS SUGGESTED MODE
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Select Student and Course Evaluatio
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SEMESTER 3 S. Course Title of Cours
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213 hurculean task, the basic found
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REFERENCES Allen,S. (Ed.). (1999).
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Durrani, A. (Jan, 1993). Urdu Dunya
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Leighton, L. (Ed. & Trans.).(1984).
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Shahid, H.M. (1989). Sir Abdul Qadi
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PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE; PRODUCTION AN
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RECEPTION OF TEXT SURFACE PARSING I
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Table 2 Schema Of Textual Filters T
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Figure 5 Psycholinguistic Model of
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A. Literary translation General lan
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Table 03 CONCORD OF GENDER: MUSCULI
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APPENDIX C Table 1 Parts of Speech
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3.5 Past Continuative Habitual : la
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3.11 Present Progressive : / lar∂
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3.17 Simple Future: / laega / (will
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� NAME: � AGE: � ACADEMIC BAC
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Q2: Does Translation process involv
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xxvi
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xxviii
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xxx
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PART-I xxxii Q.1 Approx about all t
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REPLY 3. DR. NAEEM KLASRA PROFILE x
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xxxvi When I completed translation
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xxxviii ANS:- It is must to have ap
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4:- Should have acquaintance about
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REPLY 4. DR ASIF FARRUKHI xlii
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xliv
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REPLY 6. DR IKRAM AZAM xlvi
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xlviii
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