Ravalier PhD Theis.pdf - Anglia Ruskin Research Online

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within the person throughout situations and time, as well as a dynamic
and potentially ambiguous environment, means our attention is
distributed selectively and we can evaluate situations in different ways
(Crandall & Perrewe, 1995).
1a.3.1) Coping in the Transactional Model
The transactional model, unlike the predecessors already analysed,
explicitly includes strategies for coping with stress. The model defines
coping as:
“Constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage
specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as
taxing or exceeding the resources of the person” (Lazarus &
Folkman, 1984, pp. 141).
The model therefore defines coping as being process-based rather
than an inherent trait, and describes such processes as different from
automatic adaptive behaviour that has been learned or such behaviour as
described in previous theories like Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome.
Also, coping involves ‘managing’ the situation, and as such may or may
not necessarily mean that the individual completely removes and deals
with the problem (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987). In addition, it views coping
as a process (i.e. it is not static) due to the environment constantly
changing (Crandall & Perrewe, 1995). Lazarus and Folkman (1984)
identified two forms of coping:
Problem-Solving Coping: are problem-solving strategies and can include
efforts to define the problem, the generation of alternative solutions,
weighing costs and benefits of various actions, taking actions to change
situations which are changeable, and if necessary, learning new skills
(Crandall & Perrewe, 1995). These physical manifestations are directed
towards changing some aspect of the outer environment, or inward to
alter part of the individual themselves, for example cognitions. Many of
those aimed at the individual fall into the ‘appraisal’ category, and can
include changing the internal cognitions about the event/situation or
recognising the existence of personal resources and strengths to help deal