Ravalier PhD Theis.pdf - Anglia Ruskin Research Online

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314 research, empower individuals to identify and act upon workplace stressors. Problem-focussed approaches therefore, in which the individual takes action to change a particular situation, are addressed in the presented research by identifying an issue and turning it into something more positive. Indeed once the action plans had been accepted by management and implemented into the organisation individual respondents were taking steps to address the issues that they faced. Also as is described in the model individual response variability to stress reactions is clearly taken into account. Through the qualitative AI phases, and in particular the daily diaries and individual semi-structured interviews in which individual opinions and discussions were captured, this variability was clear. For example, areas working well were as diverse as peer support and successful working in the log phase, with semi-structured interviews adding further factors. This shows that although the whole of the transactional model cannot have been assessed in the presented study, certain aspects are still identifiable. The stimulus approach has proven to be extremely well-utilised with respect to workplace stress. Indeed, the Job Demands-Control-Support model of occupational stress is based upon a stimulus approach (McClenahan, Giles & Mallett, 2007), where it is argued that the chronic individual experience of high demands in combination with low levels of autonomy (Control) and poor Peer Support can lead to stress-related outcomes, such as burnout. The JDCS was assessed in the work through the use of both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the work. While Demands and Support (in the form of Managerial Support) were found to be stressors that individuals experienced in the workplace, Relationships (part of the 'social support' aspect of the JDCS) was found to buffer employee experience of stress. Despite this, neither of the methods used found that Control played an important part in the
315 experience of stress for employees, which is in contrast to much of the research literature presented in Chapter II, Section 1b.1. However, it has been proposed that the JDCS cannot be utilised as a catch-all model for the evaluation of workplace stress (Theorell, 1996). This argument is supported from the outcomes of the presented study, for example where Study 1 stepwise linear regression outcomes shows that Change significantly impacts upon Cynicism, and similarly where Role impacts upon Professional Efficacy. These outcomes are factors which have the potential to be ignored in JDCS-based occupational research, and so any study which seeks solely to incorporate Demands, Control and Support alone may be limited in their findings and in the explanation to the causes of stress. There are two predominant arguments as to how stressors can impact upon individuals: the daily hassle approach and the major life event approach. The major life event approach is the most often researched approach to occupational stress – indeed, the JDCS is an example of such an approach. Chronic exposure to these major life events can overcome individual defences and resources to lead to stress-related outcomes (e.g. Clint, Barry and Alexia, 2008; Edwards, 2008). The Management Standards Indicator Tool, a 35-item self-report measure of psychosocial workplace hazards, assesses the major life events approach in the workplace. Indeed, multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis of the MSIT alongside the MBI-GS indicates that some of the major life events assessed within the survey play a part in the experience of burnout as a stress-related outcome. The major life event approach therefore played a part in gaining a strong understanding of the type of major life event stressor implicit within the organisation, as well as providing an organisational understanding when combined with the results of the daily hassle approaches.
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Managing Workplace Stress: An Appre
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3 ABSTRACT ANGLIA RUSKIN UNIVERSITY
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Shelley and Eva - Love you both!Tab
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7 List of Figures Page and table nu
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9 Copyright of Thesis Managing Stre
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11 Chapter I: Introduction My overt
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13 4. Destiny - deliver the innovat
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15 Appreciative Inquiry methodology
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17 respectively present the quantit
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19 Chapter II: (Occupational) Stres
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21 on the use of the word stress wi
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23 Onset of resistance reaction can
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25 should the stress response not b
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27 1.a2.1) Critique of Stimulus-Bas
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29 within the person throughout sit
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31 Discussion Box 3: Example of Tra
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33 The transactional model is an im
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35 2. Active Jobs: high demands plu
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37 The first of a further two commo
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39 to investigate the time-dependan
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41 Chapter III: Types, Costs & Mana
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43 period, the threats are sufficie
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45 distinctly showing that stress a
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47 Melchior et al. (2007) found tha
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49 influenza. Similarly evidence fr
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51 The previous section has provide
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53 1d) Occupational Stressors Throu
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55 on stress-related outcomes was c
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57 Research has indicated that role
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59 they are to achieve career goals
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61 seriously, then stress in organi
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63 (1992), where the author notes t
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65 secondary and primary workplace
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67 the usefulness for the researche
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69 understanding of organisational
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71 Chapter IV: Organisations & Orga
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73 bureaucracy (Salaman, 2000). The
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75 between departments, functions a
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77 purposes. As previously stated,
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79 buried but learned from, with th
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81 improvement drive. Individual em
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83 world as systematic and HSM evol
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85 exploring their constituent part
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87 intervening in workplace stress,
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90 Chapter V: Conceptual Framework
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92 interaction between demands, con
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95 primary techniques are proactive
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97 2) Organisational Background The
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99 emphasised Handy's four organisa
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101 2011 12.5% 3.4% 8.7% 7.5% 5.5%
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103 Musculo-Skeletal 1271.43 30.3 8
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105 Table 4 shows the number of all
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107 Chapter VI: Methodology The cur
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109 The study also uses the qualita
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111 interpretations of individuals
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113 and the use of qualitative meth
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115 method philosophies” (Maxcy,
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117 develop a vision for change. Th
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119 1b.2) Theoretical Foundations a
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121 2. The Principle of Simultaneit
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Discussion Box 8: How the five prin
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125 2) Dreaming Figure 1: The 4D’
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127 2) Dream 3) Design 4) Destiny 5
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129 Focus Groups Phase 1 Phase 2 Ph
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131 work-related stress (Cousins et
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133 2a.1) Psychometric Properties o
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135 hypothesis testing is difficult
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137 people in some capacity”. The
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139 education services. Table 6 sho
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Discussion Box 11: What the MSIT an
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143 the study of minor psychiatric
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145 2c) ‘Log’ Research Phase Ev
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147 contexts, for example in the wo
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149 2. Why did it go well Further e
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151 Participants were asked to comp
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153 validating instruments, or at t
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155 interview process, providing mo
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157 2e.1) Critique of Focus Groups
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159 also bringing in other members
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161 the use of an Action Research a
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163 again to Jermaine Ravalier at A
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165 following this meeting the Huma
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167 Along these lines the majority
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169 researchers alike. Despite them
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171 related themes were combined in
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173 The potential ethical issues fo
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175
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177 Chapter VII: Survey Results The
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179 Table 8: Percentage demographic
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181 Table 10: Mean scores and stand
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183 Control .85 Exhaustion .93 Peer
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185 factors, it does not describe a
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187 statisticians recommending use
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189 Table 14: Raw threshold scores
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191 High Scoring 6.93 (15) 1.83 Cha
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193 41-50 13 (22.8%) 3-5 years 0 (0
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195 score as described by the origi
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197 and Professional Efficacy and C
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199 To summarise, a simple visual c
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201 5) Phase 1 vs. Phase 5 The purp
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203 With respect to the MSIT outcom
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205 Chapter VIII Part 1: Log Result
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207 Therefore by individuals provid
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209 2a.2) Peer Support Peer support
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211 2b.3) Communication Having the
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213 Finally individuals in some dep
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215 requiring improvement can be de
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217 to document verbal discussions
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219 Chapter VIII Part 2: Interview
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221 confidentiality and anonymity.
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223 As previously described, 13 ind
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225 4a.3) Creative Staff Throughout
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227 Example response 2 (Participant
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231 4c.1) Training Champions As abo
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235 Chapter VIII Part 3: Focus Grou
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237 Ravalier as lead researcher and
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239 6b) Email Throughout the log ph
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241 which improvements could be mad
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243 Table 25: proposed change actio
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245 The use of email was one of the
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247 Chapter VIII Part 4: Synthesise
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249 Chapter VIII Part 4: Synthesise
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251 ended, and further open-ended q
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253 In the same manner as emergent
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255 divergent similarities and diff
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257 flow chart which can be used to
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259 9a.1) What’s Working Well As
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261 workload, work patterns and/or
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Page 265 and 266: 265 feature of the workplace which
Page 267 and 268: 267 The design of a local stress th
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Page 271 and 272: Management Response 271
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Page 275 and 276: 275 Help Available for Stress Feel
Page 277 and 278: 277 concentrate on work while ignor
Page 279 and 280: 279 employees can now access the co
Page 281 and 282: 281 Access to IT; Access to Intrane
Page 283 and 284: 283 Secondly was the task of a rese
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Page 287 and 288: 287 Chapter X: Discussions The firs
Page 289 and 290: 289 has been conducted in the major
Page 291 and 292: 291 The first phase of the AI resea
Page 293 and 294: 293 to the allotted schedule and ad
Page 295 and 296: 295 2a) Research Question 1 “Can
Page 297 and 298: 297 timescale. However, whether or
Page 299 and 300: 299 ‘wasting’ training on those
Page 301 and 302: 301 employees spread across six ‘
Page 303 and 304: 303 Professional Efficacy. Similarl
Page 305 and 306: 305 experience within the JDCS, and
Page 307 and 308: 307 As is expected in research whic
Page 309 and 310: 309 Houdmont, Kerr and Addley (2012
Page 311 and 312: 311 3e) Phase 1 vs. Phase 5 As desc
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Page 317 and 318: 317 impractical because there are t
Page 319 and 320: 319 It is also assumed that the lea
Page 321 and 322: 321 Figure 21: Diagrammatic represe
Page 323 and 324: 323 The Job Demands-Control-Support
Page 325 and 326: 325 Chapter XI: Conclusions
Page 327 and 328: 327 organisational management there
Page 329 and 330: 329 use of quantitative approaches
Page 331 and 332: 331 research the relevant systemati
Page 333 and 334: 333 dissertation completion. Having
Page 335 and 336: 335 anonymous to remove any potenti
Page 337 and 338: 337 To conclude and finally sum up
Page 339 and 340: 339 Boddy, D., 2008. Management: An
Page 341 and 342: 341 Chen, W-Q., Siu, O-L., Lu, J-F.
Page 343 and 344: 343 Denis, D.J., 2011. Multiple Lin
Page 345 and 346: 345 Goeders, N.E., 2002. Stress and
Page 347 and 348: 347 in a Study of Health Care Refor
Page 349 and 350: 349 Kompier, M.A.J., & Cooper, C.L.
Page 351 and 352: 351 Mansell, A., & Brough, P., 2005
Page 353 and 354: 353 Narayanan, L., Menon, S., & Spe
Page 355 and 356: 355 Quine, L., & Pahl, J., 1991. St
Page 357 and 358: 357 Senge, P., 1990. The Fifth Disc
Page 359 and 360: 359 Theorell, T., 1996. Flexibility
Page 361 and 362: 361 Yu, L., Chiu, C-H., Lin, Y-S.,
Page 363 and 364: 363 Appendix 1: List of Abbreviatio
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Appendix 3: Hard Copy Survey Tools
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the workday. 3 I feel tired when I
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Appendix 4: Email Invitation to Stu
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Appendix 5: Hard Copy Invitation to
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Appendix 6: Survey 1 MSIT analysis
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8. Do you think aspects of either o
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What are the possible benefits of m
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Appendix 10: Focus Group Schedule 1
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Appendix 11: Focus Group Ground Rul
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Key Words: Stress, Management Stand
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Piloting the combined survey amongs
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[Table 2 near here] DISCUSSION The
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REFERENCES 1. Cousins R, Mackay C,
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Table 1: Comparison of total sub-sc
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Supplementary Table: Bivariate (Pea
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Appendix 14: AR Project Feedback 5
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arise and I was concerned that, pre
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