08.06.2013 Views

Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

Contents<br />

10.6.5 Merging Coordinate and Velocity Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235<br />

10.6.6 Computing Velocities from a Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236<br />

10.6.7 Propagating Coordinates to Specific Epochs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237<br />

11. Troposphere Modeling and Estimation 239<br />

11.1 Subdivision of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />

11.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239<br />

11.3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241<br />

11.4 Troposphere Modeling in the <strong>Bernese</strong> <strong>GPS</strong> <strong>Software</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243<br />

11.4.1 The A Priori Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244<br />

11.4.2 Site-Specific Troposphere Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246<br />

11.4.3 Horizontal Tropospheric Gradients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247<br />

11.5 Troposphere Data Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />

11.5.1 <strong>Bernese</strong> Troposphere Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249<br />

11.5.2 Files Containing Meteorological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />

11.5.3 Troposphere SINEX Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250<br />

11.6 Remarks and Hints on Troposphere Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251<br />

12. Ionosphere Modeling and Estimation 253<br />

12.1 Motivation and Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />

12.1.1 Choice of the Linear Combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253<br />

12.1.2 Impact of Unmodeled Ionosphere on Single-Frequency Solutions . 254<br />

12.1.3 How to Treat Small-Area High-Precision Arrays . . . . . . . . . . 254<br />

12.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254<br />

12.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254<br />

12.2.2 Characterizing the Ionosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256<br />

12.2.3 Influence of the Ionosphere on Various Linear Combinations . . . . 257<br />

12.2.4 Ionospheric Effects on <strong>GNSS</strong> Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />

12.3 Ionosphere Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />

12.3.1 Deterministic Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258<br />

12.3.1.1 Ionosphere Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />

12.3.1.2 Local TEC Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260<br />

12.3.1.3 Global TEC Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />

12.3.1.4 Station-Specific TEC Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />

12.3.2 Stochastic Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261<br />

12.4 Estimation of Deterministic Ionosphere Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />

12.4.1 Local Ionosphere Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263<br />

12.4.2 Global, Regional, or Station-Specific Ionosphere Models . . . . . . 266<br />

12.4.3 Application of Deterministic TEC Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274<br />

12.5 Stochastic Ionosphere Modeling Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275<br />

12.5.1 Estimation of Stochastic Ionosphere Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 275<br />

12.5.2 Using Stochastic Ionosphere Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276<br />

13. Differential Code Biases 279<br />

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279<br />

13.1.1 Various Code Observable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279<br />

13.1.2 Different Receiver Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279<br />

13.1.3 Differences of Code Biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280<br />

<strong>Bernese</strong> <strong>GPS</strong> <strong>Software</strong> <strong>Version</strong> <strong>5.0</strong> Page VII

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!