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Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

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Contents<br />

6.3.3 Kinematic Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111<br />

6.3.4 Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112<br />

6.4 Forming Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113<br />

6.4.1 Algorithm for Baseline Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114<br />

6.4.2 Strategies for Baseline Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />

6.5 Preprocessing Phase Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115<br />

6.5.1 Non-Parameter Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />

6.5.2 Epoch-Difference Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117<br />

6.5.3 Automatic Cycle Slip Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118<br />

6.5.4 Clock Events in Preprocessing of Zero-Difference Files . . . . . . . 120<br />

6.5.5 Kinematic Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />

6.5.6 Screening of LEO Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121<br />

6.5.7 Program Output Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122<br />

6.5.8 Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129<br />

6.6 Screening of Post-Fit Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />

6.6.1 Browsing the Residual Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130<br />

6.6.2 Generating Residual Statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132<br />

6.6.3 Detect Misbehaving Stations and Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134<br />

6.7 Marking of Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />

6.7.1 Manipulation of Observation Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136<br />

6.7.2 Use of Satellite Problem File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137<br />

7. Parameter Estimation 139<br />

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />

7.2 Basic Theory of Least-Squares Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139<br />

7.3 The Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />

7.4 Weighting and Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />

7.4.1 A Priori Sigma of Unit Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />

7.4.2 Station-Specific Weighting of Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143<br />

7.4.3 Elevation-Dependent Weighting of Observations . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />

7.4.4 Real and Normalized Residuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144<br />

7.4.5 Correlations between Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146<br />

7.5 Parameterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />

7.5.1 Types of Parameterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147<br />

7.5.2 Piece-Wise Linear Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148<br />

7.5.3 Epoch-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />

7.5.4 Constraining of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149<br />

7.5.4.1 Absolute Constraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150<br />

7.5.4.2 Relative Constraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />

7.5.4.3 Zero-Mean Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151<br />

7.5.4.4 Fixing of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />

7.5.5 Pre-Elimination of Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152<br />

7.5.6 Back-Substitution of Epoch-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153<br />

7.6 Flow Diagram of Program <strong>GPS</strong>EST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />

7.7 Special Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />

7.7.1 Orbit Determination for Low Earth Orbiters . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />

7.7.1.1 Preparation for Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154<br />

Page IV AIUB

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