Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 - Bernese GNSS Software

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11. Troposphere Modeling and Estimation β Z' β Z z ∆rt (α,z) Figure 11.3: Tilting of the tropospheric zenith by the angle β. One way to represent azimuthal asymmetries is a tilting of the zenith the mapping function is referred to (see Figure 11.3). The troposphere gradient parameters then comply with the fact that the direction to the so-called tropospheric zenith (i.e., the direction with minimal tropospheric delay) and the corresponding tropospheric zenith distance ˜z might not be identical to the geometrical (or ellipsoidal) zenith distance z . Having introduced the tropospheric zenith angle as a parameter of the mapping functions, the tropospheric delay from Eqn. (11.16) would be given by ∆̺ i k(t,z) = ∆̺apr,k(˜z i k) + ∆̺k(t)f(˜z i k) . (11.17) However, due to the fact that we usually do not have any a priori information on the tropospheric zenith, the geometrical zenith is used in the a priori part of the Equation (11.17): ∆̺ i k (t,z) = ∆̺apr,k(z i k ) + ∆̺k(t)f(˜z i k ) . (11.18) Assuming a small angle β between the tropospheric and geometrical zenith, the two zenith angles are related to each other by the equation ˜z i k = z i k + β = z i k + xk cos(A i k) + yk sin(A i k) , where A i k is the azimuth of the direction station–satellite and xk,yk are two stationdependent parameters. Using this equation and approximating linearly, the time dependent part of Eqn. (11.18) may be written as ∆̺k(t,A,z) f(˜z i k) = ∆̺k(t) f(z i k + xk cos(A i k) + yk sin(A i k)) Introducing the notation = ∆̺k(t) f(z i ∂f k ) + ∆̺k(t) ∂z xk cos(A i ∂f k ) + ∆̺k(t) ∂z yk sin(A i k ) . ∆ h ̺k(t) = ∆̺k(t) zenith delay parameter, ∆ n ̺k(t) = ∆̺k(t) xk gradient parameter in north-south direction, and ∆ e ̺k(t) = ∆̺k(t) yk gradient parameter in east-west direction, Page 248 AIUB
11.5 Troposphere Data Input and Output we end up with our adopted, refined tropospheric model from Eqn. (11.14): ∆̺ i k (t,A,z) = ∆̺apr,k(z i k ) + ∆h ̺k(t)f(z i k ) + ∆n ̺k(t) ∂f ∂z cos Ai k + ∆e ̺k(t) ∂f ∂z sin Ai k . For a more detailed derivation, the reader is referred to [Meindl et al., 2004]. This model may be selected with option TILTING for the gradient estimation model in panel “GPSEST 6.3.1: Site-Specific Troposphere Parameters 1”. The other possibility, LINEAR, is not recommended. Horizontal tropospheric gradients are represented in a piecewise-linear way, too. The user input options related to the tropospheric gradient parameters are similar to those of the zenith delay parameters. They are all accessible through the two troposphere related panels in program GPSEST (see Figures 11.1 and 11.2). Consult the corresponding help panels for more information. The number of gradient parameters estimated per session is usually much lower than the number of zenith delay parameters. Typically, one set of gradient parameters is estimated for a 24-hour session. Note that for technical reasons the parameter spacing for the gradients must be a multiple of the spacing for the vertical parameters. For a significant estimation of troposphere gradients, the cut-off elevation angle should be as low as possible, at most 10 degrees. 11.5 Troposphere Data Input and Output 11.5.1 Bernese Troposphere Files The most important and mainly used troposphere related file is the Bernese troposphere file. It is an output as well as an input file and contains zenith path delay and gradient estimates for multiple stations. In addition, information on the a priori model and time resolution used during the creation process is listed. A detailed file description is provided in Section 22.9.1, Figure 22.46 shows an example. Two programs in the Bernese GPS Software are able to create Bernese troposphere files, namely GPSEST and ADDNEQ2. If you are estimating troposphere parameters and want to save them (for later use), simply specify a filename under “Troposphere estimates” (in GPSEST panel “GPSEST 2.1: Output Files 1” or in ADDNEQ2 panel “ADDNEQ2 2: Output Files”, respectively). An important application of this file type is introducing estimated troposphere corrections in your processing. These estimates may stem from earlier processing steps or from an external source (such as CODE). Troposphere files may be used as input for programs GPSEST, CODSPP, MAUPRP, and GPSSIM. If you are introducing troposphere estimates in program GPSEST, it is possible to estimate troposphere parameters on top of them. In that case it is forbidden to store the re-estimated troposphere parameters in an output file. Such a file is not usable anymore. Set option “Station selection” to WITH TROPO (see Figure 11.2) if you are introducing a Bernese troposphere file to prevent a re-estimation of troposphere parameters. In that case troposphere output file is usable but only contains the estimated parameters. Using troposphere values in program ADDNEQ2 results in fixation of corresponding troposphere parameters to the introduced estimates and deletion from the normal equation Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 Page 249
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Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 Ed
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Bernese GPS Software Version 5.0 As
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Contents 2.3.6.1 Ionosphere-Free Li
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Contents 6.3.3 Kinematic Stations .
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Contents 9.4.4 Pre-Elimination Opti
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Contents 13.2 How to Correct P1-P2
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Contents 18.3.2 Command Bar . . . .
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Contents 20.4 Description of the Pr
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Contents 22.8.2 Station Abbreviatio
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Contents Page XVI AIUB
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List of Figures 5.1 Flow diagram of
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List of Figures 13.3 P1-C1 code bia
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List of Figures 22.20 Tabular orbit
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List of Tables 12.2 Influences of t
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1. Introduction and Overview • bu
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1. Introduction and Overview Table
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1. Introduction and Overview • Th
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1. Introduction and Overview The Be
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1. Introduction and Overview for Ca
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2. Fundamentals 2.1.1 GPS System De
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2. Fundamentals Table 2.2: Componen
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2. Fundamentals Clock correction [n
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2. Fundamentals Figure 2.5: GLONASS
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2. Fundamentals Table 2.6: GLONASS
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2. Fundamentals In contrast to the
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2. Fundamentals 2.2 GNSS Satellite
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2. Fundamentals 2.2.2.1 The Kepleri
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2. Fundamentals Table 2.9: Perturbi
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2. Fundamentals R.A. of Ascending N
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2. Fundamentals where aROCK is the
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2. Fundamentals By taking the deriv
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2. Fundamentals δi error of satell
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2. Fundamentals Ionospheric refract
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2. Fundamentals 2.3.6.1 Ionosphere-
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2. Fundamentals Table 2.10: Linear
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3. Campaign Setup variable to the f
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3. Campaign Setup Figure 3.1: Examp
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3. Campaign Setup In this section w
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3. Campaign Setup 3.5 Processing Ov
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4. Import and Export of External Fi
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5. Preparation of Earth Orientation
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6. Data Preprocessing Preprocessing
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6. Data Preprocessing 6.3.2 Preproc
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6. Data Preprocessing RMS of kin. s
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6. Data Preprocessing no loss of si
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6. Data Preprocessing GAR small pie
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6. Data Preprocessing -------------
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6. Data Preprocessing automated pro
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6. Data Preprocessing 6.6.2 Generat
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6. Data Preprocessing 6.6.3 Detect
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7. Parameter Estimation p u × 1 ve
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7. Parameter Estimation The two bas
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7. Parameter Estimation The binary
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7. Parameter Estimation 7.5.2 Piece
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7. Parameter Estimation The equatio
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7. Parameter Estimation 7.5.4.4 Fix
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7. Parameter Estimation where Q 11
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7. Parameter Estimation consequence
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7. Parameter Estimation are address
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7. Parameter Estimation ... ! Pre-p
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7. Parameter Estimation The RINEX m
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7. Parameter Estimation In a succes
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8. Initial Phase Ambiguities and Am
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9. Combination of Solutions 9.2 Seq
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9. Combination of Solutions Substit
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9. Combination of Solutions We may
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9. Combination of Solutions files a
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9. Combination of Solutions x x 1 t
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9. Combination of Solutions Both re
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9. Combination of Solutions 9.4 The
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14. Clock Estimation 14.3 Clock RIN
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14. Clock Estimation cessed if CCRN
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14. Clock Estimation RINEX files th
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14. Clock Estimation the clock valu
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14. Clock Estimation SINGLE POINT P
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15. Estimation of Satellite Orbits
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16. Antenna Phase Center Offsets an
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17. Data Simulation Tool GPSSIM 17.
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17. Data Simulation Tool GPSSIM The
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17. Data Simulation Tool GPSSIM The
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17. Data Simulation Tool GPSSIM Res
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18. The Menu System 18.2 Starting t
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18. The Menu System 18.3.1 Menu Bar
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18. The Menu System 18.3.5 Panel Co
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18. The Menu System the menu the ne
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18. The Menu System Table 18.1: Pre
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18. The Menu System 18.5.3 System E
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18. The Menu System 18.7 Change Opt
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18. The Menu System 18.9 Technical
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18. The Menu System ... ! Environme
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18. The Menu System The keyword ENV
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18. The Menu System ! List of Remai
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18. The Menu System The MENUAUX-mec
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18. The Menu System Keyword values
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19. Bernese Processing Engine (BPE)
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20. Processing Examples inspect the
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20. Processing Examples 20.3.1 How
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20. Processing Examples • (option
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20. Processing Examples PID 111 PRE
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20. Processing Examples 20.4.1.7 Cr
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20. Processing Examples PID 313 MPR
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20. Processing Examples Further rea
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20. Processing Examples # # Create
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20. Processing Examples PID 101 GPS
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20. Processing Examples The RINEX n
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20. Processing Examples PID 903 CLK
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20. Processing Examples PID 321 GPS
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20. Processing Examples PID 301 CLK
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21. Program Structure $C / %C% PGM
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21. Program Structure (program GPSE
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21. Program Structure ! -----------
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22. Data Structure "Program" Area $
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22. Data Structure Table 22.1: List
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22. Data Structure 22.4.2 Geodetic
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22. Data Structure 22.4.4 Antenna P
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Page 484 AIUB ANTENNA PHASE CENTER
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22. Data Structure 22.4.5 Satellite
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22. Data Structure 22.4.6 Satellite
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22. Data Structure DIFFERENCE OF GP
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22. Data Structure 22.4.9 Subdaily
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22. Data Structure EGM96 EGM96, VER
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22. Data Structure SINEX : OPTION I
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22. Data Structure 22.4.16 Panel Up
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22. Data Structure 22.6.2 Header an
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22. Data Structure 15 Antenna type(
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22. Data Structure SVN-NUMBER= 2 ME
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22. Data Structure -1 2 1 5 TITLE :
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22. Data Structure Used by: ORBGEN
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22. Data Structure 53064.00 53065.0
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22. Data Structure CODE’S MONTHLY
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22. Data Structure Table 22.4: Stat
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22. Data Structure (3) TYPE 003: HA
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22. Data Structure 22.8.4 Station P
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22. Data Structure Remarks: • Eac
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22. Data Structure The following st
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22. Data Structure Table 22.7: List
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22. Data Structure AJAC $$ FES2004
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22. Data Structure Station sigma fi
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22. Data Structure GOPE 11502M002 Z
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22. Data Structure 22.8.18 Receiver
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22. Data Structure CODE RAPID 3-DAY
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22. Data Structure 22.9.3 Meteo and
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22. Data Structure IONOSPHERE MODEL
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22. Data Structure 22.10 Miscellane
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22. Data Structure 22.10.4 Variance
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22. Data Structure 22.10.5 Normal E
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22. Data Structure 22.10.7 Observat
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22. Data Structure Created by: Each
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22. Data Structure ----------------
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22. Data Structure 22.10.17 BPE log
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23. Installation Guide 23.1.2 Conte
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23. Installation Guide 23.1.3.2 Ins
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23. Installation Guide BERN50 : $C
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23. Installation Guide If you have
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23. Installation Guide To make the
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23. Installation Guide List of Inst
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23. Installation Guide 23.2.4 Confi
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23. Installation Guide Configure me
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23. Installation Guide ${P}/EXAMPLE
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23. Installation Guide To recompile
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24. The Step from Version 4.2 to Ve
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bock, H. (2004), Effic
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Janes, H. W., R. B. La
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Schaer, S. (1998), COD
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 588 AIUB
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INDEX OF PROGRAMS NEQ2ASC, 207, 541
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Index of Program Panels CODSPP 2: I
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Index of Program Panels MKCLUS 3: R
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS Antenna verificat
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS Cluster definitio
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS variance-covarian
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS orbit products, 1
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS Multi-session sol
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS Orbital elements
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS Receiver antenna
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS orbit modeling, 9
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INDEX OF KEYWORDS WGS-84, 19, 88, 2
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