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182 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries operations could occur. This lead to a situation some have described as “uncontrolled forestry” and a dramatic increase in felling. For five years, forest logging has exceeded annual growth (Ahas 1999; Ahas 2003; Ahas and Hain 2003). Some officials have sought alternatives to these policies, however. The Forestry Department at the Ministry of Environment started studying certification issues in 1998. In 1998 and 1999 the State Forestry Department financed studies of certification principles and analyses of the draft Estonian Sustainable Forestry Standard. In the following years both direct and indirect support grew among active officials who were looking for new policies and alternatives to traditional forest policy. As compared to state officials and NGOs, the support for certification from forest workers and social groups was almost unnoticeable. Trade unions and similar organizations are relatively weak and unorganized in Estonia, and employers still have wide latitude to fire their workers. In RMK, for instance, many people have been laid off since 1998 due to large-scale consolidations. In several cases, foresters or workers lost their jobs after making critical comments about the organization (Kuuba 2004). This may be one reason that trade organizations do not use FSC certification to the fullest extent. National Working Group on Forest Certification The Estonian National Working Group on Forest Certification (NWGFC) was formed in November 1998 by thirty interested organizations and individuals whose goal was to create an Estonian sustainable forestry standard (Tonisson 2000). Mr. Ahto Oja, an environmentalist with a forestry background from the Stockholm Environment Institute Tallinn branch (SEI-T), was appointed as coordinator. NGOs played the primary role in initial bringing together interested parties and exchanging information. It was mainly members of the Estonian Green Movement who suggested Mr. Ahto Oja as a coordinator, and no objections were raised by any parties. In the spring of 1999, the Working Group decided to take FSC Principles and Criteria as the basis for their work. Many forestry experts took part in the discussions. A representative of the Danish FSC Working Group, Peter Feilberg, served as a foreign consultant, assessing the certification standard. In December 1999, the group approved a draft sustainable forestry standard; in the following year it discussed, field tested, and modified that standard. The Estonian NWGFC was originally oriented to the FSC standard and system because of environmental NGOs’ active participation and the momentum behind the FSC globally. In 2000, the idea of Pan-European Forest Certification (PEFC — now renamed the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification) was introduced to NWGFC by some Working Group members and Finnish consultants. The Working Group spent much of that year debating the principles and strategies of FSC versus those of PEFC. These discussions remained fairly hypothetical, since no one in the Working Group had practical experience with FSC or PEFC. Eventually these discussions led to a split between members. FSC was supported primarily by NGOs and RMK, and PEFC by industries and forest scientists. NWGFC therefore divided into two separate groups, as described below. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
forest certification in estonia 183 Despite this division, NWGFC’s sustainable forestry standard was approved in December 2000 by 23 organizations and individuals. 2 At this time, it was also decided that, while the NWGFC standard would remain as a basis, both FSC and PEFC could be developed further. A discussion ensued about whether FSC or PEFC standards could be lower than NWGFC’s, but it was not fruitful. 2 Estonian text: www.agenda21.ee/metsandus/esms12122 000.html Estonian FSC Working Group Although the NWGFC was established in 1998 primarily to develop FSC certification in Estonia, the specific FSC Working Group was not launched until October 2000 by 11 groups and individuals (Table 3). Table 3 Representatives in the Estonian FSC Working Group and their division by chambers. Five individuals joined after the group’s first meeting on 10/27/00. October 2000 February 2004 Environmental chamber Environmental chamber Estonian Green Movement-FoE – NGO* / Estonian Green Movement-FoE – NGO*/R. R. Ahas/ Ahas/ State Forest Management Centre – Gov. /O. Lillemets/ Estonian Fond For Nature – NGO*/R. Kuuba/ Mr. Rainer Kuuba Mr. Ahto Oja* Economic Chamber Economic Chamber Estonian Fond For Nature – NGO* / T. Trapido/ Baltic Connexions – Company /K. Vene Baltic Connexions – Company /K. Vene/ Sirje – Company / Mr. Lembit Maamets Estonian Forest Survey Centre – Company /L. Maamets/ Mr. I. Tust NEPCon# Ms. E. Rebane Metsaekspert – Company / P. Põntson/ Mr Peep Põntson Mr Lembit Laks Mr. Peeter Muiste Mr Lembit Maamets Social Chamber Social Chamber Mr Ahto Oja* Tartu Student Nature Protection Circle – NGO /K. Podmoshenski/ Mr. Kristjan Tõnisson* Võro Selts VKKF – NGO / Mr. Toomas Krevald Mr. Veiko Belials Mr. Indrek Tust Mrs. Heli Kiigemägi * Member of FSC # NEPCon holds FSC membership as a Danish non-profit organisation (the headquarters of NEPCon is located in Denmark). yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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forest certification in indonesia 3
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36 forest certification in developi
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in poland 235
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conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
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conclusion 563 considerable and gro
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conclusion 565 to participate in a
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conclusion 567 despite their strong
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conclusion 569 Country Dominant for
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conclusion 571 While forest certifi
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conclusion 577 Sub-Saharan Africa T
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conclusion 579 culminating in LEI
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conclusion 581 spending more time o
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conclusion 583 supervision and moni
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conclusion 585 previously weak oper
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conclusion 587 notes that certifica
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conclusion 589 operations, which of
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conclusion 591 This volume has reve
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author biographies 593 Author Biogr
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author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
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author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
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author biographies 599 both from Co
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author biographies 601 Markets: For
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author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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