Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning ... - UTas ePrints

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484 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries 2 After years of negotiation, government plantations were placed on the market in 1999 in a privatisation bid. Plantations were divided into seven geographic business packages and investors were invited to bid for a 75 percent shareholding (of which at least 10 percent needed to be Black-owned) per package. Minority shares in each package are held by government (10 percent), workers (9 percent) and the National Empowerment Fund (6 percent) in order to secure Black institutional investment in forestry. Government also determined that the land associated with the plantations should remain in public ownership. Investors were consequently not offered title to land, rather the use-rights to it through a mechanism of a long-term lease (Mayers et al., 2001). Currently, new forestry companies manage all the packages as illustrated in Table 1. Approximately 85,000 ha of plantations are still under government control. These consist of approximately 70,000 ha of commercial plantations in the former homeland areas and 120 small scattered plantations, extending over 15,000 ha, producing material not generally sold under commercial contract but utilised by local people (Mayers et al. 2001). range of stakeholders, and to monitor trends in forest condition and thereby guide sustainable forest management (Anon 2002c). These PCI&S can be used to compile a ‘state of the forest’ report, and the National Forest Act provides for the legal prosecution of individuals and organizations not practicing sustainable forestry according to these PCI&S. When implemented, these PCI&S should form an agreed set of ‘baseline’ minimum standards for South African forestry. Certification standards will then have to reflect these, thereby improving their applicability to the South African forestry context (Frost et al. 2003). Extensive testing of the PCI&S took place between 2003 and 2004 and it is envisaged that a regulatory management system will be implemented in the near future by government. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry became indirectly involved in FSC certification by specifying that privatized plantations must be certified within 24 months. It also became directly involved with the FSC certification of a total of 35,000 ha (6.6 percent) of the natural closed canopy forests under its control (FSC 2004). Structural Features Ownership and Tenure South Africa has a land area of 122.3 million hectares. Forestry takes up 1.1 percent of this area with grazing being the biggest land user at 68.6 percent. In 2002, plantation forestry occupied 1.351 million hectares with: ● ● ● ● ● ● 52.2 percent planted in pine trees; 38.9 percent planted in gum; 8.3 percent planted in wattle; 0.6 percent under other species such as poplar; 56 percent of the plantation area managed for pulpwood; 37 percent managed for sawlogs; ● 6.9 percent managed for other uses such as mining timber (FSA 2003). Private timber companies are the biggest forestry landowners, holding 842,520 ha of the forestland. Government, including SAFCOL (a parastatal company), held 318,366 ha of forestland until the 1999 privatisation effort 2 . Individuals/partnerships/trusts hold 186,355 ha and municipalities 4,161 ha (FSA 2003). There are currently 12 private timber companies in South Africa with landholdings larger than 5000 ha (Table 1). All of these companies are currently FSC certified. Four of the 12 are new companies that were established as a result of the government’s privatisation of state forest assets. The oldest of these new companies is Singisi Forest Products, established in 2001. These companies do not own the forestry land but lease it from the government. One of the conditions of the privatisation process was that yale school of forestry & environmental studies
forest certification in south africa 485 the new companies had to acquire certification from an internationally accredited organisation within 24 months of the commencement of the lease agreement. If the company does not receive certification or loses it, the lease agreement can be terminated (Frost et al. 2003). Table 1 Forestry companies in South Africa Company Land Tenure Remark Amatola Forestry Company (Pty) Public Privatised government plantations in Eastern Cape Global Forest Products Pty Ltd Private Venture between Mondi and Global Environmental Fund Komatiland Forests (Pty) Public Privatised government plantations Limited in Mpumalanga Masonite (Africa) Limited Private Mondi Forests Private MTO Forestry (Pty) Ltd Western Public Still being managed by SAFCOL Cape Region NCT Forestry Co-operative Ltd. Private Northern Timbers Private SAPPI Forests Pty Ltd Private Singisi Forest Products Pty (Ltd) Public Privatised government forests in Eastern Cape Siyaqhubeka Pty Ltd Public Privatised government forests in KwaZulu-Natal Steinhoff Southern Cape (Pty) Private Ltd Source: FSC 2004 Other forestry landowners include approximately 1,800 timber farmers (Mayers et al. 2001) (commercial farmers with on average between 100 and 200 ha under trees) who supply their timber to cooperatives. These farmers have access to FSC group certification schemes. There are nearly 19,000 small or micro growers in South Africa, holding woodlots averaging around two hectares and totalling around 42,000 ha in extent. Just over 12,000 of these growers are participating in company-sponsored outgrower schemes (the companies provide the farmers with loans, seedlings and advice and the farmers sell their trees to the companies) falling under SAPPI (Project Grow), Mondi (Khulanathi) and the South African Wattle Growers Union (SAWGU) (Mayers et al. 2001). Due to the small scale of operations, it would be very difficult for these micro growers to certify their plantations. The forestry industry provides work to approximately 60,000 people. An additional 40,000 jobs are provided though primary processing facilities (FSA 2003). yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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36 forest certification in developi
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in estonia 173
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214 Discussion of forest certificat
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South Egypt forest certification in
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conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
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conclusion 563 considerable and gro
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conclusion 565 to participate in a
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conclusion 567 despite their strong
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conclusion 569 Country Dominant for
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conclusion 571 While forest certifi
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conclusion 577 Sub-Saharan Africa T
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conclusion 579 culminating in LEI
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conclusion 581 spending more time o
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conclusion 583 supervision and moni
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conclusion 585 previously weak oper
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conclusion 587 notes that certifica
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conclusion 589 operations, which of
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conclusion 591 This volume has reve
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author biographies 593 Author Biogr
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author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
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author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
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author biographies 599 both from Co
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author biographies 601 Markets: For
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author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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