Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning ... - UTas ePrints

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576 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries Country Dominant forestry Forest Land ownership Market orientation Effect on problems policy response patterns certification critically important areas of forest biodiversity; public land ownership and reliance on export markets is expected to facilitate future certification efforts; however, shift from Europe to China during 1990s may lessen this influence; exceptional biodiversity has led to concerns about certifying operations in Gabon, with the only FSC certificate awarded eventually withdrawn following international criticism. Zambia Deforestation and forest Development of new All land is publicly owned, Before 1964 net degradation; illegal logging; forest policy in 1998 divided among State land importer of forest poverty in forest dependent which introduced (six percent); Reserve (no products (mainly softcommunities; lack of “Joint Forest open access) land, 35 percent; wood for construction); enforcement and resources. Management” as a Trust land (open access), development of forest practice to encourage 50 percent; National Parks plantation led to net communities and (no forest extraction exporter (softwood other stakeholders allowed, managed for bio- timber and other forest participation in diversity), 9 percent. products) after 1964; management of forest major timber export resources. markets as of 2001 were South Africa (38 percent). the United States (27.15 percent); and Zimbabwe 15.48 percent); firms and communities are granted the right to harvest through “forest certificates.” yale school of forestry & environmental studies
conclusion 577 Sub-Saharan Africa The African cases are important for revealing, with the exception of South Africa, the significant challenges for institutionalizing forest certification in Sub-Saharan Africa, but also the unique obstacles and opportunities within each country. One facilitating factor is that, with the exception of South Africa, the land is publicly owned —a feature which poses fewer transaction costs than is the case for smaller ownerships considering certification. However, government capacity to enforce existing laws and to employ forestry experts is so weak that, until addressed, it is unlikely that public ownership can be used to Africa’s competitive advantage. Ironically, FSC-style certification in South Africa was supported by its privately-owned plantation industry, which covers just over one percent of this country’s land base, for highly unusual reasons — it wanted to get approval for operations that have been criticized for negatively impinging on natural, treeless ecosystems. In this case, plantation owners, who did come under significant scrutiny from European export markets, saw FSC certification as a way to maintain existing foreign markets. The role of export markets in the other cases varied considerably — Uganda’s export market has been deemed “insignificant” by the Food and Agricultural Organization. Zambia has become a net exporter, owing to its 1964 policy to encourage plantations, but its three leading export markets are South Africa, the United States, and Zimbabwe, respectively, rendering insignificant the real and/or perceived higher demand from European markets for certified products. Arguably as a result, the limited interest in forest certification was sparked through aid projects promoting forest certification as a way of expanding markets for non-timber forest products such as honey and wild mushrooms. As curious, while Gabon relies more heavily on export markets than any of our other cases, its market share of the European market, as discussed above, declined after the mid-1990s as FSC-friendly Eastern European countries increased their access. Instead, Gabon shifted its emphasis to Asia, with 45 percent of its export market going to China, which currently places almost no emphasis on certified products (although recognition of this has led to increased NGO effort to create interest in, and awareness of, forest certification in China). Certainly the forestry policy problems would seem to give support to encouraging certification, since issues of biodiversity (especially Gabon), deforestation (especially Uganda and Zambia) and subsistence use confront basic worldwide concerns about global forest degradation. Indeed, concerns exist that previous efforts, including 1970s efforts that emphasized “top down” approaches, followed by 1990s “bottom up” decentralization efforts championed by the World Bank and other international aid agencies, (Glück, Rayner and Cashore 2005) cannot, by themselves, be completely effective and appear to provide an opening for certification as part of a suite of policy options. Finally, factors such as regime change, poverty, famine, disease and civil war that challenge this continent on every level have significant impacts on what any kind of policy initiative – public or private – might accomplish in the current context. What our review does show is that if these fundamentals are tended do, it is possible, though not inevitable, that forest certification could still emerge as an important tool for promoting responsible forest management. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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forest certification in indonesia 3
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36 forest certification in developi
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forest certification in malaysia 71
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forest certification in papua new g
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in solomon isl
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egional overview: eastern europe an
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forest certification in estonia 173
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forest certification in latvia 203
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214 Discussion of forest certificat
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forest certification in poland 235
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forest certification in russia 263
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South Egypt forest certification in
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forest certification in bolivia 305
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forest certification in brazil 337
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forest certification in mexico 409
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egional overview: sub-saharan afric
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forest certification in gabon 443 F
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forest certification in uganda 509
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Page 531 and 532: forest certification in uganda 525
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Page 567 and 568: conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
Page 569 and 570: conclusion 563 considerable and gro
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Page 585 and 586: conclusion 579 culminating in LEI
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Page 595 and 596: conclusion 589 operations, which of
Page 597 and 598: conclusion 591 This volume has reve
Page 599 and 600: author biographies 593 Author Biogr
Page 601 and 602: author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
Page 603 and 604: author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
Page 605 and 606: author biographies 599 both from Co
Page 607 and 608: author biographies 601 Markets: For
Page 609: author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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