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198 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries conclusion Certification has introduced a new paradigm to the Estonian forestry sector. Its most important achievement has been initiating discussions among different stakeholders in the Estonian National Working Group on Forest Certification since 1998. New ideas have emerged among foresters and NGOs, and an entire generation has become aware of sustainable forestry. All of The State Forest Management Center (RMK)’s holdings, representing forty percent of Estonian forests, have been FSC certified. This has improved both environmental quality and the country’s forestry reputation. RMK has established rules for managing its forests while saving the environment, and has also worked hard to implement those rules. Efforts have been made to increase social security for forest laborers. Certification has not yet reached private forest owners. Most of their forest holdings are smaller than ten hectares. Furthermore, organization and cooperation among private forest owners is minimal, making it difficult to exchange information, promote certification, and communicate effectively. Cooperation of landowners is also slow in Estonia because, after 50 years of the centrally-controlled Soviet system, forest owners want to be masters of their land. Thus, certification has not solved the main forestry problems such as unsustainable over-logging and illegal forestry, which are widespread in private forests but were never very serious in the State forests. If certification is to increase its influence in achieving better forest management in the future, it will have to include and involve private forest owners. This goal could be reached if certified products were valued more highly in markets so that private forest owners would be in a position to make financial gains following support for forest certification. No major obstacles were encountered during the development of standards and certification processes. Both the FSC and PEFC initiatives faced the problem of low interest among stakeholders and experts. Estonia is a small country and the number of people dealing with forestry and certification issues is quite limited. Those involved are already overloaded with work and it is difficult to book additional time for participation in new initiatives or discussions. It seems that a similar problem is appearing across the whole region of Central and Eastern Europe. In the authors’ opinion, finding and promoting markets for certified timber is vital to facilitate further development of forest certification. Closer cooperation among forest owners and the promotion of group certification to reduce the costs of certification are essential steps to facilitate certification among private forest owners. To maintain and support further development of the certified marketplace, an effort should be made by NGOs to promote and support the companies that have achieved CoC certification and to introduce the idea of certification among forest and timber industry on a larger scale. More detailed and evidence-based evaluation of the specific environmental, social and economical effects of forest certification is one of the most important research topics in coming years. A set of qualitative and quantitative methods and indicators should be developed to achieve accurate results, which ought to elucidate challenges as well as further knowledge of the range of results and benefits, which, seen in their entirety, may help increase support for certification. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
forest certification in estonia 199 acknowledgements This work was partly funded by target funding project No. 0182143s02 of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science. The authors are grateful to the respondents and persons interviewed and also to others assisting with the research. Special thanks go to members of the national FSC Working Group and to the employees of NEPCon, RMK and Baltic Connexions. references Ahas, R. 1999. Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Estonia: A Local Level Case Study in Põlva County. In Foley, M.E., Moussa, J., Verlome, H.J.H. eds., Addressing the Underlying Causes of Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Washington DC, Biodiversity Action Network: 73–74. Ahas, R. 2003. Estonian Land Reform. Taiga News 43. Summer 2003. Taiga Rescue Network. Ahas and Hain. 2003. Varimetsandust tuleb käsitleda laiemalt. (Illegal forestry needs to be discussed more broadly) Magazine Eesti mets 3/2003. Ahas, R., Nuum, T., Tiru, M. 2002. Illegal Forestry in Estonia. Tartu: Estonian Green Movement-FoE. EFSC. 2001. Metsade inventeerimine statistilise valikmeetodiga 2001. aastal. Riigihankelepingu nr.2-19-20/727 Aruanne. (Forest Inventory with Statistical Selection Method in 2001, report of public procurement contract nr. 2-19-20/722). Estonian Forest Survey Centre. EFSC. 2003. Eesti Metsad 2002 Metsavarude hinnang statistilisel valikmeetodil (Estonian Forests 2002. Forest Inventory with Statistical Selection Method). Estonian Forest Survey Centre. Eesti Keskkonnaühenduste Koda. 2002. Keskkonnakaitsjad toetavad RMK “raierahu” algatust - pressiteade 25.02.2002 (Environmentalists support spring truce initiative of RMK - press release from 25.02.2002). www.roheline.ee/index.php3?what=press/ press36.html. Eesti Päevaleht. 2004. RMK kehtestas raierahu (RMK established silent felling season). Eesti Päevaleht (Estonian daily newspaper) 06.04.2004. EGM. 2004. Illegal Forestry and Estonian Timber Exports. Estonian Green Movement- FoE and Taiga Rescue Network, Sweden. ELF. 2003. ELF sõlmis Estonian Celliga kohtuvälise leppe - pressiteade 12.03.2003 (ELF reached an outside court agreement with Estonian Cell — press release from 12.03.2003). www.elfond.ee/alaleht.php?id_kategooria=580&keel=eesti ELF. 2002. Kokkuvõte vestlustest erametsaomanikega. Summary of interviews with private forest owners. Estonian Fund for Nature. EMTL. 2003. Riigimetsa Majandamise Keskus rakendab kevadel raierahu - pressiteade 14.03.2003 (RMK Enforces Spring Truce – press release of EMTL from 14.03.2003). www.emtl.ee/index.php?id=1422. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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forest certification in indonesia 3
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36 forest certification in developi
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in russia 263
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South Egypt forest certification in
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forest certification in brazil 337
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egional overview: sub-saharan afric
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conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
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conclusion 563 considerable and gro
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conclusion 565 to participate in a
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conclusion 567 despite their strong
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conclusion 569 Country Dominant for
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conclusion 571 While forest certifi
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conclusion 577 Sub-Saharan Africa T
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conclusion 579 culminating in LEI
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conclusion 581 spending more time o
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conclusion 583 supervision and moni
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conclusion 585 previously weak oper
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conclusion 587 notes that certifica
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conclusion 589 operations, which of
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conclusion 591 This volume has reve
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author biographies 593 Author Biogr
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author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
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author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
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author biographies 599 both from Co
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author biographies 601 Markets: For
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author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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Yale School of Forestry & Environme
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