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536 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries Being a new phenomenon, certification’s future in Zambia depends on the success of the five certificates that are currently operating in the country. The sixth certificate has been suspended due to controversy over the certificate and forest ownership. Should current certificate owners meet with success in terms of improving the management of the forests while at the same time increasing returns from the utilization of the forest resource by accessing foreign markets, then the future of certification will be bright, as more companies are likely to seek certification. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
forest certification in zambia 537 introduction Forest certification first gained attention in Zambia in the early 1990s during a turbulent time in which the country moved from a socialist command to a market economy. These broad macro-factors are central to any story of forest certification because the government gave up its controlling interest in most economic production ventures (including the forest sector), resulting in increased attention to, and interest in, market forces and incentives. As a result, forest certification, with its focus on market-approaches, was arguably facilitated by these broad changes in economic orientation. Whether, and how, forest owners are able to take advantage of forest certification, however, is contingent on successful implementation of these reforms, which are still at a nascent stage. Indeed, as late as 1999, the state maintained sole responsibility for authorizing forest management and the development of forest products. The total certified indigenous forest area is currently 8,485,000 hectares. This represents 11 percent of the 75,260,000 hectares of the total land area for the country. In part for these reasons, initial interest in certification can be traced to two different international sources: export markets and international donors. The first was a response to concerns in Europe and America, where consumer awareness is relatively high. These concerns originated with the knowledge that, while Zambia is well endowed with forest resources, the last quarter century has witnessed widespread deforestation that has depleted this valuable resource. As a result, exporters found that it was not possible to export Zambian forest products without offering any assurance to the foreign markets about the quality of forest management (Malichi 2004). In view of this it was deemed necessary to satisfy the foreign market by meeting the European and American standards. To this end certification was sought with the hope that it would open export opportunities for these certified products. Whereas community-based natural resource management organizations have funded the certification for non-wood forest products (NWFP), commercial companies have had no subsidy for funding the certification process. To them it has been a business risk that has to be undertaken in order to safeguard market share. There is no guarantee that certification will bring increased profitability. The second set of international sources consisted of donors, who were interested in promoting community forestry community development and poverty alleviation. Such efforts and resources created fewer bottlenecks than existed for commercial forestry, and as a result, it was on these forests that the first certifications were granted. However, as shown below, sustainability of the operations after the departure of donors could not be assured because of the existing macro-economic conditions Zambia was facing. For these reasons, existing effects have been mixed. Different stakeholders view certification differently. Whereas the certified organizations view it as a way to sustain their businesses, government looks at it as a process that diminishes its power and control over forests. Consequently, government acceptance of certification has been cautious. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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forest certification in indonesia 3
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36 forest certification in developi
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forest certification in malaysia 71
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forest certification in papua new g
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in solomon isl
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egional overview: eastern europe an
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forest certification in estonia 173
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forest certification in latvia 203
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214 Discussion of forest certificat
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forest certification in poland 235
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forest certification in russia 263
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South Egypt forest certification in
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forest certification in bolivia 305
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forest certification in brazil 337
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forest certification in mexico 409
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egional overview: sub-saharan afric
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Page 492 and 493: 486 forest certification in develop
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Page 567 and 568: conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
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conclusion 587 notes that certifica
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conclusion 589 operations, which of
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conclusion 591 This volume has reve
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author biographies 593 Author Biogr
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author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
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author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
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author biographies 599 both from Co
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author biographies 601 Markets: For
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author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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