Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning ... - UTas ePrints

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Country Dominant forestry Forest Land ownership Effect on
problems policy response patterns Market orientation certification
South South African plantation Since 1972, permits must be Forestry comprises 1.1 Forestry among FSC acceptance of plan-
Africa forest industry practiced obtained for any new tree percent of South African’s South Africa’s top tations established prein
high rainfall, mostly plantings; since late 1990s land base of 122.3 million exporting industries; 1993 and government
grassland sites, with no forestry has been classified hectares; private ownership- products for export regulations of plantations
natural forests; concerns as a Stream Flow Reduction dominated, with 12 timber included pulp, in 1990s created climate
about impact of forest – afforestation permits companies holding vast packaging, paper highly hospitable for
operations on reduction replaced with water-use majority. and board and wood industry to seek FSC
of stream runoff on licenses; forestry companies chips; Europe certification; more than
ecologically sensitive also required to pay a water important market. 80 percent of South
mountain catchments; forest tax; these efforts, alongside Africa’s timber plantations
work force affected by requirement that new are FSC certified.
extremely high HIV/AIDS afforestation must pass
infection rates. intensive environmental
impact assessment, have
reduced expansion of
plantation industry.
Uganda Historically overharvesting In 1974, Amin government Gazetted (protected areas) Government 1994 Government ownership
of forests with exceptional land decree declared all managed by “parastatals,” ban of round wood facilitated early support
biodiversity – estimate at loss land to be under state government (public) timber (logs) exports of NGOs in helping
of 13-15 percent per decade; control; in 1990s owned land, and private has limited role of National Resistance
illegal logging, inadequate championing of ownerships consisting of external markets; movement government to
capacity to enforce existing decentralization and four types of tenures: most if not all timber achieve conservation
laws; poaching of bush- established Uganda Customary (limited to a consumed locally; objectives; idea of forest
meat in protected areas; Wildlife Authority & description or class of Kenya, Sweden, certification has not
White Rhinos extinct in the privatization occurred; persons); Freehold China, Belgium, threatened government,
wild. then National Forest (holding of land in Germany top list given historical NGO
Authority to oversee perpetuity subject to of export markets participation in facilitating
enhanced system of statutory and common which FAO ranks government objective; given
protected areas and law qualifications); Mailo: as “insignificant.” lack of external markets,
plantations; establishment under specific requirement certification could be used to
of “timber stamping” of the “Uganda Agreement;” seed “certified emissions
tracking to stop Leasehold: (holding of reductions” (CER) status, as
illegal trade, control land for a given carbon credits under Kyoto’s
harvesting in plantations period). Clean Development
and natural forests, and Mechanism (CDM) for
overall data improvement. protection of some of its
yale school of forestry & environmental studies