Forest Certification in Developing and Transitioning ... - UTas ePrints

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290 forest certification in developing and transitioning countries 117 http://europe.eu.int/common/development/body/the me/forest/initiative/index/ en.htm. very different contexts for certification. In Europe, in general, environmental consciousness is global in outlook, and the environmental movement of the West has begun to infiltrate Russia, greatly affecting its nature protection initiatives. Currently, there are not many barriers to certification in the European part of Russia. In February 2004, the European Parliament adopted an EU Action Plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT), 117 which mandates transparency on the source of wood in trade in order to stop importation to the EU of illegally logged wood. Both environmental NGOs and industry in Russia see certification as a way to prove wood origin. Indeed, they often interpret FLEGT as an implicit EU demand for certification. FLEGT thus seems to increase the likelihood that certification will thrive in the European part of Russia. On the other hand, it could have the opposite impact, since FLEGT is planning to introduce licenses which would be easier to get than FSC certification. Currently, companies are not familiar with these licenses, so FLEGT continues to promote certification, but it is impossible to predict the long term impact of FLEGT on certification. In contrast, China’s market economy is well-developed but its environmental consciousness remains limited. While European interests are pushing Russia toward ecological modernization and sustainable development, China and the Russian Far East have meshed to create a breeding ground for political corruption, a wild economy, and unchecked environmental degradation. China’s deforestation and flooding problems led in the late 1990s to a government ban on logging in most Chinese provinces. Its domestic timber production fell nearly to zero and Russia quickly became a major source of raw materials for China’s consumer products industry. High demand for non-certified roundwood in Asian markets and the high level of illegal logging and corruption in eastern Russian trade networks prevent significant growth of certification in eastern Russia. There is some hope for change with the Chinese government commitment to organize a green Olympics in 2008 and the WWF-IKEA project in China, which will promote forest certification. However, the environmental community in Russia does not believe that the change will be significant. Certification works as a tool to promote sustainable forestry when there is demand for certified wood, which does not exist from Chinese buyers. Therefore, improving the prospects for forest certification in eastern Russia will require a growth in demand for certified wood in Asian markets. Governmental intervention and disruption of corrupt networks will also be necessary to make certification in the Far East possible. In Russia overall, international NGOs, governmental agencies and international markets are necessary requirements for certification to gain domestic support. Future Research It is essential to study the role of NGOs and their networks in promoting certification. In future research it will be important to investigate why cross-border NGO networks between Russia and Europe are effective in promoting forest certification and NGO networks between Russia and Asia are ineffective. Understanding the barriers to transboundary NGO networking will facilitate possible network formation and future construction of sensitive markets. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
forest certification in russia 291 Comparative analysis of certification processes in post Soviet countries is essential for assessing and understanding what governmental policy best promotes certification. Such research can determine what lessons on certification can be learned and transferred to other countries in the region. Several hypotheses for future research emerge from the research presented in this study: 1. In countries where democratic institutions are underdeveloped, NGO intervention is necessary to build intersectoral dialogue around national standards; 2. NGOs are essential in promoting public participation in forest communities; when NGOs are not involved in working with the public, the public does not participate; 3. Foreign companies opening subsidiaries in Russian territories need NGOs as facilitators in seeking certification, while national companies can more easily meet certification criteria without NGO intervention; 4. The epistemic community of scientists is essential for legitimizing the process of certification; 5. Small companies need NGO intervention in order to seek group certificates. yale school of forestry & environmental studies
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Yale F&ES Publication Series Report
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Table of Contents foreword 1 James
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foreword 1 Foreword James Gustave S
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acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements
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acknowledgements 5 We are also grat
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introduction 7 Introduction: Forest
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introduction 9 Figure 1 Number of h
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introduction 11 Following this sect
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introduction 13 Members play an imp
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introduction 15 Pan-European Forest
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introduction 17 Table 1 Different c
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introduction 19 These also happen t
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introduction 21 While it proved rel
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introduction 23 Luthiers Mercantile
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egional overview: asia-pacific 27 i
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egional overview: asia-pacific 29 W
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Forest certification itself comes w
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forest certification in indonesia 3
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36 forest certification in developi
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forest certification in malaysia 71
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forest certification in papua new g
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102 forest certification in develop
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forest certification in solomon isl
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egional overview: eastern europe an
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forest certification in estonia 173
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forest certification in latvia 203
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214 Discussion of forest certificat
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forest certification in poland 235
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Page 246 and 247: 240 forest certification in develop
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egional overview: sub-saharan afric
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forest certification in gabon 443 F
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forest certification in uganda 509
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conclusion 561 Conclusion Benjamin
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conclusion 563 considerable and gro
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conclusion 565 to participate in a
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conclusion 567 despite their strong
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conclusion 569 Country Dominant for
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conclusion 571 While forest certifi
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conclusion 577 Sub-Saharan Africa T
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conclusion 579 culminating in LEI
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conclusion 581 spending more time o
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conclusion 583 supervision and moni
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conclusion 585 previously weak oper
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conclusion 587 notes that certifica
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conclusion 589 operations, which of
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conclusion 591 This volume has reve
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author biographies 593 Author Biogr
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author biographies 595 Gerard Boutt
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author biographies 597 Fred Gale le
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author biographies 599 both from Co
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author biographies 601 Markets: For
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author biographies 603 Lifetime Ach
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