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Table 4-32: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT2) a,b,c (Grams per mile)Engine type and Prior toInterim Tier 2 k 2004-pollutant control g 1968-1969 1970-1971 1972 1973-1974 1975 1976-1978 1979-1981 1982-1983 1984 1985-1986 1987 1988-1990 1991-1993 Tier 1k 1994 Tier 1k 1995-20032006Tier 2 k 2007+GasolineHC (total) 11e2.20 3.402.00 1.700.80j(0.80) jNMHCh jj(0.40) jNMOGhj0.13 (0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 80I23.00 39.0020.0018.0010.004.40 (5.50) 3.4 (4.20)Cold-temp. CO d h j12.5jNO x 4j3.00 3.102.30 1.700.70 (0.97) 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulateshj0.08 (0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydehj0.02 (0.02)DieselHC (total) 11j2.00 1.70 0.80j(0.80)jNMHCh j0.32 (0.40)jNMOGh jj(0.16) 0.10 (0.13)CO 80j20.00 18.00 10.004.40 (5.50)j(4.20) 3.40 (4.20)NO x 4j3.10 2.30 1.70j(0.97)j(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh j0.600.50 0.45 0.130.08 (0.10)j(0.10) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh jj(0.02) 0.02 (0.02)LDT2 weight criteria eGVWR up through 6,000 poundsGVWR up through 8,500 poundsGVWR up through 6,000 pounds; LVW over 3,750 poundsTest procedure b7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75Useful life, intermediate c, f j5 years/50,000 miles5 years/50,000milesUseful life, full 5 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles10 years/100,000 miles10 years/120,000 milesKEY: CO=carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC=hydrocarbons; LVW=loaded vehicle weight; NMHC=non-methane hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbons; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases; NOx=nitrogen oxides.aLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the same standards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR.During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories. The standards for LDT1, LDT3, and LDT4 are shown in tables 4-31, 4-33, and 4-34.bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and was replaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedurebecame the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards were relaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and compositestandards for NMHC and NOx tested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2000. These standards are not shown in this table.cEmissions standards had to be met for a useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life options were available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1994, emissions standards wereestablished for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life (full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). HC standards, however, were established only for full useful life. Tier 1 exhaust standards, except particulates standards, were phased-induring 1994-96 at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100%, respectively. Particulates standards were phased-in at a rate of 40%, 80%, and 100% during 1995-97.d The cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0 F (rather than 75 0 F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful life.e GVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. LVW is the curb weight (nominal vehicle weight) plus 300 pounds.fManufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NOx credits.gThe "Prior to controls" reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certification standards were implemented.h No estimate available.iIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.jNo standard has been set.kThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that move manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 and Tier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx,CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2). Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard ismet for the full useful life. The Tier 2 corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT2 vehicles is 0.3 grams/mile. Tier 2 standards will be phased in at arate of 25% in 2004, 50% in 2005, 75% in 2006, and 100% in 2007. During this period all LDT2 vehicles not meeting the Tier 2 standards must meet Interim Tier 2 standards.SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register, Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.table_04_32.xls
1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Emission Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Trucks (Category LDT3) a,b,c (Grams per mile)Engine type and Prior to1970-1973-1976- 1979- 1982-1985-1988-1991- Tier 1 k 1996-2007 Interim Tier 2 kpollutant control g 1969 1971 1972 1974 1975 1978 1981 1983 1984 1986 1987 1989 1990 19952008 Tier 2 k 2009+GasolineHC (total) 11 I jj2.20 3.40 2.00 1.70 0.80(0.80)NMHChj0.32 (0.46)jNMOGhj0.16 (0.23) 0.125 (0.16)CO 80 i23.00 39.00 20.00 18.00 10.004.40 (6.40) 3.40 4.20Cold-temp. CO d h j12.50jNO x 4j3.00 3.10 2.30 2.30 1.700.70 (0.98) 0.40 (0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulatesh jj(0.10) 0.08 (0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydehj0.02 (0.03) 0.02 (0.02)DieselHC (total) 11j2.00 1.70 0.80j(0.80)jNMHChj0.32 (0.46)jNMOGh jj(0.23) 0.13 (0.16)CO 80j20.00 18.00 10.004.40 (6.40)j3.40 4.20NO x 4j3.10 2.30 2.30 1.70j(0.98)j(0.60) 0.14 (0.20)Particulateshj0.60 0.50 0.450.13j(0.10)j(0.08) 0.02 (0.02)Formaldehydeh jj(0.03) 0.02 (0.02)LDT3 weight criteria eGVWR up through 6,000 pounds GVWR up through 8,500 poundsAny ALVWALVW up through 5,750 poundsGVWR 6,001-8,500 poundsTest procedure b7-mode CVS-72 CVS-75Useful life, intermediate c,fUseful life, fullj5 years/50,000 miles 11 years/120,000 miles5 years/50,000 milesKEY: ALVW=adjusted loaded vehicle weight; CO = carbon monoxide; GVWR=gross vehicle weight rating; HC = hydrocarbons; NMHC=nonmethane hydrocarbon; NMOG=nonmethane organic gases;NOx=nitrogen oxides.aLight-duty truck categories LDT1-LDT4 were not created until 1994. From 1968 to 1978 all trucks with a GVWR up to 6,000 pounds were classified as light-duty trucks and were required to meet the samestandards. As of 1979, the maximum weight was raised to 8,500 pounds GVWR. During 1988-93, light-duty trucks were divided into two subcategories that coincide with the current LDT1-LDT4 categories.The standards for LDT1, LDT2, and LDT4 are given in tables 4-31, 4-32, and 4-34.bThe test procedure for measuring exhaust emissions has changed several times over the course of vehicle emissions regulation. The 7-mode procedure was used through model year 1971 and wasreplaced by the CVS-72 procedure beginning in model year 1972. The CVS-75 procedure became the test procedure as of model year 1975. While it may appear that the total HC and CO standards wererelaxed in 1972-74, these standards were actually more stringent due to the more stringent nature of the CVS-72 test procedure. Additional standards for CO and composite standards for NMHC and NOxtested over the new Supplemental Federal Test Procedure will be phased-in beginning with model year 2002. These standards are not shown in this table.cEmissions standards had to be met for a full useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles through model year 1983, and a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles was defined for 1985-93 (several useful life optionswere available for 1984). Beginning in model year 1996, emissions standards were established for an intermediate useful life of 5 years/50,000 miles as well as a full useful life of 11 years/120,000 miles(intermediate and full useful life standards are shown in parentheses). This applied to all pollutants except HC and particulates for all LDT3 vehicles and NOx for diesel-powered LDT3 vehicles, which wereonly required to meet full useful life standards. Tier 1 exhaust standards were phased-in during 1996-97 at a rate of 50% and 100%, respectively.dThe cold CO emissions standard is measured at 20 0 F (rather than 75 0 F) and is applicable for a 5-year/50,000-mile useful lifeeGVWR is the maximum design loaded weight. ALVW is the numerical average of the GVWR and the curb weight.fManufacturers can opt to certify vehicles for a full useful life of 15 years/150,000 miles and either have (1) intermediate useful life standards waived or (2) receive additional NO x credits.gThe "Prior to controls" column reports emissions estimates of a typical newly manufactured car in the years before exhaust emissions certifcation standards were implementedhNo estimate available.iIn 1968-69, exhaust emissions standards were issued in parts per million rather than grams per mile and are, therefore, incompatible with this tablej No standard has been set.kThe term "tier" refers to a level of standards for specific years. Interim 2 refers to an intermediate level of standards that moves manufacturers toward compliance with Tier 2 standards. Interim Tier 2 andTier 2 standards are established as "bins." Each bin is a set of standards for NOx, CO, NMOG, formaldehyde, and particulates (HC and NMHC standards are dropped for Tier 2 and Interim Tier 2).Manufacturers may certify any given vehicle family to any of the bins available for that vehicle class as long as the resulting sales-weighted corporate average NOx standard is met for full useful life. The Tier 2corporate average NOx standard is 0.07 grams/mile. Interim corporate-based average NOx standards are based on vehicle type. The interim corporate sales-weighted average for LDT3 vehicles is 0.6grams/mile. Tier 2 LDT3 standards will be phased in during 2008 and 2009. In 2008, 50% of LDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards; the others must meet Interim Tier 2 standards. Beginning in 2009, allLDT3 vehicles must meet Tier 2 standards.SOURCES40 CFR 86, Subpart A (July 1, 2000).Federal Register , Vol. 65, No. 28, pp. 6851-6858.table_04_33.xls
Page 1:
NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
Page 232 and 233: Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
Page 234 and 235: Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
Page 236 and 237: Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
Page 239: Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
Page 242 and 243: Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
Page 245: Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
Page 248 and 249: Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
Page 250 and 251: Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
Page 252 and 253: Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
Page 254 and 255: Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
Page 256 and 257: Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
Page 258 and 259: Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
Page 260 and 261: Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
Page 262 and 263: Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
Page 265 and 266: Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
Page 267 and 268: Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
Page 269 and 270: Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
Page 271 and 272: Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
Page 273 and 274: Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
Page 275 and 276: Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
Page 278: Section DAir Pollution
Page 281: Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 285 and 286: Table 4-35: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 287 and 288: KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
Page 289 and 290: Table 4-38: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 291 and 292: KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
Page 293 and 294: KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
Page 295 and 296: Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
Page 297 and 298: Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
Page 299 and 300: Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
Page 305 and 306: Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
Page 307 and 308: Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
Page 310: Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
Page 313 and 314: Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
Page 315 and 316: Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
Page 318: appendix aMetric ConversionTables
Page 321 and 322: Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
Page 323 and 324: Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
Page 325 and 326: Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
Page 327 and 328: a Includes freight, express, and ma
Page 329 and 330: Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
Page 331 and 332: Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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BEA personal consumption expenditur
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Transportation-related government p
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information on their data collectio
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AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
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The American Public Transit Associa
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Government EmploymentThe Office of
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specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443:
As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
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Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
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consistency between the different m
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467:
adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469:
year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471:
PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473:
The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475:
The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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