Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

information on their data collection methods could not be ascertained and the data's reliability is uncertain. APIreported the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as its data source for 1981 to 2001 retail gasoline prices. Theremainder of this section discusses the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI) data collection and estimation methodsused to derive the average retail price of gasoline.BLS uses the CPI as a measure of average price changes paid by urban consumers for a fixed basket of goods andservices. BLS estimates the CPI with a survey-based approach. Survey results define a categorization of goods andservices, a representative sample of items to track, and weights according to the consumption of an averageconsumer during a base period.Sample DesignBLS relies on two sampling frames for their CPI estimates. One represents the universe of retail outlets from whichhouseholds may purchase defined groups of commodities and services including gasoline. A second representshouseholds across urban areas. Moreover, the household frame is based on an "urban-consumer" population andconsists of households in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) and in urban places with more than 2,500inhabitants. This "all urban" CPI (CPI-U) provides the estimates for retail gasoline prices shown in table 3-9.Thus, thisframe does not represent non-urban consumers.For the retail outlet sampling frame, BLS relies on the Point-of-Purchase Survey (CPOPS) conducted by the CensusBureau in 94 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) identified by BLS. PSUs are based on urban counties, groups ofcontiguous urban counties, or MSAs. For the household sample, a noncompact clustering procedure was employedwhich dispersed households evenly within a Census enumeration district (ED). More detailed sampling designinformation can be found in BLS's Handbook of Methods at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm.Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 91 PSUs located in 85 urban areasthroughout the country. The sample size for the CPOPS totals about 21,000 retail and service establishmentssupermarkets,department stores, gasoline stations, hospitals, etc. Food, fuels, and a few other items are pricedmonthly in all 85 locations. BLS field representatives collect all price information through visits or telephone calls inthe household surveys. Price changes are computed based on a sample of outlets selected from locations identifiedby consumers. Specific sample items are then selected from each sample outlet to ensure that the market basket isrepresentative of where households shop.EstimationBLS routinely updates its price estimates for specific items among the collection of goods and services, for example,a new car model year. BLS employs three techniques to produce new price estimates. First, an item that is directlycomparable to the previous discontinued good will be used to provide a price estimate. However, a substitute itemmay be inappropriate when goods change slightly in their characteristics. BLS relies on Hedonic regression modelingas a second "quality adjustment" for price estimates. This statistical technique can model the importance of variousquality characteristics that add value to a particular good (the fiber content and construction of apparel products forinstance). A researcher can estimate a Hedonic regression model that identifies the factors most important isdetermining the price of a good, and BLS field representatives will note these in their data collection. Imputation is athird quality adjustment used for "noncomparable" substitutions where BLS estimates the price change from previousaverages. Detailed algorithms can be found in chapter 17 of the BLS Handbook of Methods athttp://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm.Effective January 1999, BLS began using a new formula for calculating the basic components of the Consumer PriceIndex for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers(CPI-W). The new formula, the geometric mean estimator, is used in index categories that comprise approximately 61percent of total consumer spending represented by the CPI-U. Based on BLS research, it is expected that use of thenew formula will reduce the annual rate of increase in the CPI by approximately 0.2 percentage point per year.Additional information on this change was published in the April 1998 CPI Detailed Report and is available on theInternet at http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm.AccuracyOne of the CPI's limitations is that it represents price movements for urban residents and may not correctly representnonurban consumption patterns. The CPI may also contain sampling error because it is estimated from a sample of
consumer purchases. Nonsampling error may occur if respondents provide BLS field representatives with inaccurateor incomplete information. Another potential source of error identified by BLS may occur because of a time lagbetween the Point-of-Purchase Survey and the initiation of price collection for commodities and services at resampledoutlets. Because of the time lag, the products offered by the outlet at the time pricing is initiated may not coincide withthe set from which the CPOPS respondents were purchasing.The CPI is also subject to response error when data are not collected because of non-response. BLS established anonresponse auditing program in 1986.It reported that response rates in 1990 for transportation commodities andservices were above 90 percent.BiasFour categories of bias were identified in the BLS report, Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price Index,published in 1997. First, because of the fixed-weight nature of the index, the CPI creates substitution bias by placingtoo much weight on items measured in previous surveys from which consumers may have shifted away. Second, thestudy found that the index did not account for consumers switching to discount stores. Third, a quality change biaswas also identified when the differences between goods priced in two different periods cannot be accuratelymeasured nor deduced from the accompanying price difference between the goods. Finally, the report noted that theCPI also had a new product bias because the index inadequately reflected consumer value of products introducedinto the market. The commission concluded that the CPI overstated the true cost-of-living change by 1.1 percentagepoints per year.TABLE 3-13. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services (NAICS)TABLE 3-14. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment (NAICS)Data shown in these tables are drawn from annual issues of The Supplement to Producer Price Indexes published bythe Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor. These indexes represent a measure of outputsin all goods-producing American industries as well as partial coverage of service industries including transportation.BLS defines a price as the net revenue accrued to a specified production establishment from a specified kind of buyerfor a specific product shipped under specific transaction terms on a specified day of the month. BLS collects this dataseries through surveys of a sample of establishments that report their prices from economic transactions.Data CollectionA BLS field economist visits an establishment or cluster of establishments selected for price sampling. The economistuses a disaggregation procedure to select a sample of transactions from all the establishment's revenue-producingactivities. This disaggregation procedure assigns a probability of selection to each shipping or receipt categoryproportionate to its value within a reporting unit. In most cases, the final price index produced by the BLS requiresthat 1) there are at least three different respondents to a survey, 2) at least two reporting units provide priceinformation in a given month, and 3) no single respondent accounts for 50 percent or more of the weight for a givenitem.BLS regional offices review field data for consistency and completeness. The national office then conducts a finalreview and a survey is then tailored specifically to establishments or clusters of establishments. BLS refers to theseas repricing schedules and sends them to reporting establishments on a regular basis. Most prices refer to areporting schedule on a particular day of the month, usually, the first Tuesday or the 13th of a month.EstimationBLS collects prices for over 100,000 items. It utilizes several different weighting schemes for the numerous indexesproduced because some products will have a greater effect on the movement of groupings of individual products.BLS utilizes the net output of shipment values as weights for the 4-digit SIC industries. Net output values include onlyshipments from establishments in one industry to other industry establishments and, thus, differ from gross shipmentvalues. The latter would include shipments among establishments in the same industry, even if those establishmentsare separate firms. BLS also makes seasonal adjustments if statistical tests and economic rationale justify them, andcomputes data when a participating company does not deliver a price report. BLS bases the missing price estimationon the average of price changes for similar products reported by other establishments.
Page 1:
NationalTransportationStatistics
Page 4 and 5:
AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
Page 7 and 8:
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
Page 9 and 10:
1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
Page 11 and 12:
SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
Page 13 and 14:
3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
Page 15 and 16:
4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
Page 18:
IntroductionCompiled and published
Page 21:
SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
Page 25 and 26:
Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
Page 27 and 28:
Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
Page 29 and 30:
Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
Page 31 and 32:
Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
Page 33 and 34:
Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
Page 36:
Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
Page 39 and 40:
Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
Page 43 and 44:
Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
Page 47 and 48:
Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
Page 49 and 50:
Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
Page 51 and 52:
Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
Page 53:
Section CCondition
Page 56 and 57:
Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
Page 58 and 59:
Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
Page 60 and 61:
Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
Page 62 and 63:
Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
Page 64 and 65:
Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
Page 66 and 67:
Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
Page 68 and 69:
Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
Page 70 and 71:
Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
Page 72 and 73:
Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
Page 74 and 75:
Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
Page 76 and 77:
Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
Page 79:
Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
Page 82 and 83:
Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
Page 84 and 85:
Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
Page 86 and 87:
Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
Page 88 and 89:
Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
Page 90 and 91:
Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
Page 92 and 93:
Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
Page 94 and 95:
Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
Page 96 and 97:
Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
Page 98:
Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
Page 102 and 103:
Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
Page 104 and 105:
Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
Page 106 and 107:
Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
Page 110 and 111:
Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
Page 112 and 113:
Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
Page 114:
Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
Page 118 and 119:
Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
Page 120 and 121:
Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
Page 122 and 123:
Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
Page 124 and 125:
Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
Page 127:
Section BAir
Page 130 and 131:
Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
Page 132 and 133:
Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
Page 134 and 135:
Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
Page 136 and 137:
Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
Page 139:
Section CHighway
Page 142 and 143:
Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
Page 144 and 145:
Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
Page 148 and 149:
Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
Page 150 and 151:
Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
Page 152 and 153:
Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
Page 154 and 155:
Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
Page 157:
Section DTransit
Page 160 and 161:
Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
Page 162 and 163:
d The number of Unlinked passenger
Page 164 and 165:
Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
Page 166 and 167:
Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
Page 168:
KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
Page 172 and 173:
Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
Page 174 and 175:
Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
Page 176 and 177:
Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
Page 178:
Section FWater
Page 181 and 182:
Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
Page 183 and 184:
Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
Page 186:
Section GPipeline
Page 190:
Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
Page 193 and 194:
Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
Page 195 and 196:
Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
Page 197 and 198:
Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
Page 199 and 200:
Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
Page 201 and 202:
Table 3-10: National Transportation
Page 204 and 205:
Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
Page 206 and 207:
Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
Page 208 and 209:
Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
Page 210 and 211:
Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
Page 212:
Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
Page 216 and 217:
Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
Page 218 and 219:
Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
Page 220 and 221:
Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
Page 222 and 223:
Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
Page 224:
Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
Page 228 and 229:
Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
Page 230 and 231:
Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
Page 232 and 233:
Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
Page 234 and 235:
Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
Page 236 and 237:
Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
Page 239:
Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
Page 242 and 243:
Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
Page 245:
Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
Page 248 and 249:
Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
Page 250 and 251:
Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
Page 252 and 253:
Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
Page 254 and 255:
Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
Page 256 and 257:
Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
Page 258 and 259:
Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
Page 260 and 261:
Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
Page 265 and 266:
Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
Page 267 and 268:
Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
Page 269 and 270:
Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
Page 271 and 272:
Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
Page 273 and 274:
Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
Page 275 and 276:
Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
Page 278:
Section DAir Pollution
Page 281 and 282:
Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 283 and 284:
1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
Page 293 and 294:
KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
Page 295 and 296:
Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
Page 297 and 298:
Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
Page 299 and 300:
Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
Page 307 and 308:
Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
Page 310:
Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
Page 313 and 314:
Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
Page 315 and 316:
Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
Page 318:
appendix aMetric ConversionTables
Page 321 and 322:
Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
Page 323 and 324:
Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
Page 325 and 326:
Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
Page 327 and 328:
a Includes freight, express, and ma
Page 329 and 330:
Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
Page 331 and 332:
Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
Page 333 and 334:
Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
Page 335 and 336:
Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
Page 337 and 338:
Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
Page 339 and 340:
Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
Page 341 and 342:
Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
Page 343 and 344:
Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
Page 345 and 346:
Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
Page 349 and 350:
Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
Page 351 and 352:
Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
Page 353 and 354:
Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
Page 355 and 356:
Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
Page 357 and 358:
Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
Page 359 and 360:
Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
Page 361 and 362:
Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
Page 363 and 364:
Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
Page 365 and 366:
Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
Page 367 and 368:
appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
Page 370:
appendix dModal Profiles
Page 373 and 374:
Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
Page 375 and 376:
Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
Page 377 and 378:
Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 379 and 380:
General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
Page 381 and 382: Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
Page 383 and 384: KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
Page 385 and 386: Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 387 and 388: 161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483:
Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485:
RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487:
multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489:
In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491:
The number of the people exposed to
Page 492 and 493:
Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 494 and 495:
If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497:
Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499:
RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501:
multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503:
In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 504 and 505:
The number of the people exposed to
show all

Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?