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Table 4-37: Federal Exhaust Emissions Certification Standards for Newly Manufactured Gasoline- and Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Trucks(Grams per brake horsepower-hour)Engine type and pollutant 1970-73 1974-78 1979-83 1984 1985-86 1987 1988-89 1990 1991-93 1994-97 1998-2003 2004 2005-06 2007 2008+GasolineHC + NO x e 16 10 eNOx + NMHC e 1.0 eNMHC e 0.14HC f e 1.5 1.9 eNO x e 10.6 6.0 5.0 4.0 e 0.20CO f 40 25 37.1 14.4Particulates e 0.01DieselHC + NO x e 16 10 eHC f e 1.5 1.3 eNO x e 10.7 6.0 5.0 4.0 e 0.20NOx + NMHC e 2.4 g eNMHC 0.14CO f 40 25 15.5Particulates e 0.60 0.25 0.10 0.01Smoke opacity (acceleration / lugging / peak) a 40/20 e 20/15/50Weight criteria for heavy heavy-duty trucks b GVWR over 6,000 lbs GVWR over 8,500 lbsGVWR over 14,000 lbsTest procedure, gasoline c 13-mode steady-state MVMA transientTest procedure, diesel c 13-mode steady-state EPA transientUseful life (gasoline) d 5 years/50,000 miles 8 years/110,000 miles 10 years/110,000 milesKEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NO x = nitrogen oxides; NMHC = nonmethane hydrocarbons.aSmoke opacity is expressed in percentage for acceleration, lugging, and peak modes (acceleration/lugging/peak). Lugging is when a vehicle is carrying a load.bGross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) is the maximum design loaded weight.c Several testing procedures have been used during the course of exhaust emissions control. A steady-state 9-mode test procedure (13-mode for diesel) was used for 1970-83 standards. For 1984, either the steadystatetests or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) transient test procedure could be used. For diesels, the EPA transient test was required from 1985 to the present. For gasoline-powered vehicles, eitherthe EPA or the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (MVMA) transient test procedure could be used during 1985-86, and the MVMA procedure was required thereafter.dEmissions standards apply to the useful life of the vehicle. Useful life was 5 years/50,000 miles through 1983 and became 8 years/110,000 miles beginning in model year 1985. 1984 was a transitional year in whichvehicles could meet the older standard (and test procedure) or the newer one. Useful life requirement for gasoline-powered trucks meeting NOx standards for 1998 and after is 10 years/110,000 miles. Starting in 2004,the useful life will be 10 years/110,000 miles. The useful life requirements for heavy-duty diesel truck standards are more complex and vary by vehicle weight, pollutant, test procedure, and year. Consult the U.S. Codeof Federal Regulations for further information.eNo standard set.f Although emissions standards for HC and CO were in effect for these years, they were not measured in grams per brake horsepower-hour and are, therefore, incompatible with this table.gVehicles can meet a NMHC + NO x standard of 2.5 g/bhp-h, given they meet a NMHC standard of no more than 0.5 g/bhp-h.NOTETables 4-32a and 4-32b are identical for heavy-duty diesel engines.SOURCES40 CFR 86, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, internet site at http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/cfrhtml_00/Title_40/40cfr86_00.html as of Oct. 9, 2001.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, personnal communication, Oct. 2001.table_04_37.xls
Table 4-38: Federal Exhaust Emissions Standards for Newly Manufactured Motorcycles a (g/km) bPollutantEnginedisplacementEmissions prior tocontrols c 1978-79 1980-89 1990-96 1997+Gasoline-poweredHC 50-169 cc 5170-749 cc 1.0-13.85 + 0.0155(D-170) d 5.0750 cc and greater 14 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 11.0-31.0 17 12Methanol-poweredTotal HC equivalent 50 cc and greater 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 12Natural gas and LPG-poweredHC 50 cc and greater 5.0CO 50 cc and greater 12Useful life (Class I) 50-169 cc 5 years or 12,000 km (7,456 mi), whichever comes first(Class II) 170-279 cc 5 years or 18,000 km (11,185 mi), whichever comes first(Class III) 280 cc and greater 5 years or 30,000 km (18,641 mi), whichever comes firstKEY: cc = cubic centimeters; D = engine displacement; g = gram; HC = hydrocarbon; h = hour; kg = kilogram; km =kilometer; lb = pound; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas; mi = miles; mph = miles per hour.aA motorcycle is any motor vehicle with a headlight, taillight, and stoplight, and having two or three wheels and a curb massless than or equal to 793 kg (1,749 lb). (The limit was 680 kg, or 1,499 lb prior to the 1998 model year.) A motorcycle isexcluded from the standards if it has a displacement of less than 50 cc (3.1 cubic inches) or if with a 80 kg (176 lb) driver itcannot start from a dead stop using only the engine or exceed a speed of 40 km/h (25 mph) on a level, paved surface.bReaders who wish to compare motorcycle regulations with passenger car and truck regulations should note that 5.0 g/km =8.0 g/mi and 12 g/km = 19 g/mi. The formula for 1978-79 HC emissions by motorcycles 170-749 cc becomes, in g/mi.,approximately 8.0 + 0.025(D-170).cEstimates of emissions rates prior to controls are ranges of emissions for all engine displacements. Not available formotorcycles powered by fuels other than gasoline.dD = engine displacement in cubic centimeters (cc). For example, the standard for a 300 cc engine would be 5.0 +0.0155(300-170) = 7.0 g/km.SOURCE:40 CFR 86 Subpart E (July 1, 2000). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, personalcommunication, Aug. 28, 2001.
Page 1:
NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
Page 47 and 48:
Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
Page 239: Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
Page 242 and 243: Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
Page 245: Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
Page 248 and 249: Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
Page 250 and 251: Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
Page 252 and 253: Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
Page 254 and 255: Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
Page 256 and 257: Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
Page 258 and 259: Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
Page 260 and 261: Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
Page 262 and 263: Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
Page 265 and 266: Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
Page 267 and 268: Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
Page 269 and 270: Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
Page 271 and 272: Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
Page 273 and 274: Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
Page 275 and 276: Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
Page 278: Section DAir Pollution
Page 281 and 282: Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 283 and 284: 1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
Page 285 and 286: Table 4-35: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 287: KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
Page 291 and 292: KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
Page 293 and 294: KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
Page 295 and 296: Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
Page 297 and 298: Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
Page 299 and 300: Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
Page 305 and 306: Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
Page 307 and 308: Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
Page 310: Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
Page 313 and 314: Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
Page 315 and 316: Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
Page 318: appendix aMetric ConversionTables
Page 321 and 322: Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
Page 323 and 324: Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
Page 325 and 326: Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
Page 327 and 328: a Includes freight, express, and ma
Page 329 and 330: Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
Page 331 and 332: Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
Page 333 and 334: Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
Page 335 and 336: Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
Page 337 and 338: Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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BEA personal consumption expenditur
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Transportation-related government p
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information on their data collectio
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AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
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The American Public Transit Associa
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Government EmploymentThe Office of
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specifications or equations, should
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As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
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Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
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consistency between the different m
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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