Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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RailThe data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR figuresare based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700of the R1 Annual Report. Thus, the data are considered accurate. STB defines Class I railroads as having operatingrevenues at or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert withchanges in the Railroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2001, the adjustedthreshold for Class I railroads was $266.7 million. Although Class I railroads represent only 1 percent of the numberof railroads in the country, they account for over 70 percent of the industry's mileage operated and more than 90percent of all freight revenue; energy consumption should be of the same order. For passenger travel, information isunavailable. Amtrak no longer provides data on a national basis, and the regional data appears to be inconsistent.TransitThe APTA figures are based on information in FTA's National Transit Database. APTA conservatively adjusts FTAdata to include transit operators that do not report to the FTA Database (private and very small operators and ruraloperators), which accounts for about 90 to 95 percent of the total passenger-miles. The data are generally accuratebecause the FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may varybecause some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or misinterpret certain data definitions in federalguidelines.WaterThe EIA collects data on residual and distillate fuel oils and diesel through its Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene SalesReport survey, form EIA-821.The survey targets companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. This surveycommenced in 1984 and data from previous years should be used with caution.Sampling Frame and DesignThe sample's target universe includes all companies that sell fuel oil and kerosene to end users. EIA derives thesampling frame from the EIA-863 database containing identity information for approximately 22,300 fuel oil andkerosene sellers. EIA stratifies the sampling frame into two categories: companies selected with certainty anduncertainty. Those in the certainty category varied but included the end use "vessel bunkering," or sales for thefueling of commercial and private watercraft.Sampling Error, Imputation, and EstimatesEIA reported a 92.5 percent response rate for the 2000 survey. The EIA also provides estimates of the sampling errorfor geographic areas and U.S. averages are 1.8 for residential distillate fuel oil, 0.8 for nonresidential retail distillatefuel oil, and 0.1 for retail residual fuel oil. Some firms inevitably ignore survey requests, causing data gaps. EIAestimates the volumes of these firm's sales by imputation; more detailed information and the algorithm can beobtained at EIA's web site in the technical notes for the Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report. Seehttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/data publications/fuel oil and kerosene sales/foks.html.TABLE 4-19. U.S. Government Energy Consumption by Agency and SourceEnergy consumption data are collected by DOE's Office of Federal Energy Management Programs in cooperationwith most departments and agencies. DOD is by far the largest consumer, accounting for about 80 percent of thetotal. As discussed above, the data includes fuel purchased abroad for military bases. Since government agenciesare required to report these data, they are probably accurate. However, it is possible that some consumption ismissed. For example, some agencies may report only fuel supplied directly, missing consumption such as gasolinepurchased by employees while on government business for which they are then reimbursed. In addition, smalleragencies were neglected. Overall, however, the data should provide a fairly good approximation of governmentenergy consumption.ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TABLE 4-20. Energy Intensity of Passenger ModesTABLE 4-21. Energy Intensity of Certificated Air Carriers, All ServicesTABLE 4-22. Energy Intensity of Passenger Cars, Other 2-Axle 4-Tire Vehicles, and MotorcyclesTABLE 4-24. Energy Intensity of Transit Motor BusesTABLE 4-25. Energy Intensity of Class I Railroad Freight ServiceTABLE 4-26. Energy Intensity of Amtrak ServiceTABLE 4-27. Energy Intensity of Amtrak Service (Loss-adjusted conversion factors)Total energy consumed for each mode can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Miles traveled are known forsome modes, such as air carriers, but less accurately for others, most notably automobiles. When the numbers ofpassengers or tons are required to calculate energy efficiency, another uncertainty is introduced. Again, air carriersand intercity buses know how many passengers are on board and how far they travel, but only estimates areavailable for automobiles and intracity buses.Thus, table 4-21 should be quite accurate for certificated air carriers, though it is missing small airlines and privateaircraft. Table 4-22 is based on FHWA fuel tax data, derived from state fuel tax revenues. VMT is as discussed fortables 1-9 and 1-10.Data for motorcycles must be adjusted significantly more than for automobiles because lessinformation is collected from the states or from surveys. Transit bus data (table 4-24) are very uncertain because,unlike intercity buses, the distance each passenger travels is not measured by ticket sales.The intermodal comparison of passenger travel in table 4-20 must be viewed with considerable caution. Data for thedifferent modes are collected in different ways, and the preparation of the final results is based on differentassumptions. As noted above, airlines accurately record passenger miles, but the data on occupancy of privateautomobiles must be estimated from surveys. Even relatively certain data, such as state sales of gasoline, must bemodified to resolve anomalies, and transit data are even harder to make consistent. Furthermore, different groupscollect the data for the various modes, and they have different needs, assumptions, and methodologies. Thus, thecomparisons are only approximate.Freight service data (table 4-25) are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of AmericanRailroads (AAR).AAR figures are based on 100 percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface TransportationBoard (STB) via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenuesat or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in theRailroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class Irailroads was $ 261.9 million. Although Class I railroads comprise only 1 percent of the number of railroads in thecountry, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage and 91 percent of all freight revenue; energy datashould be of the same order.TABLE 4-28. Annual Wasted Fuel Due to CongestionTABLE 4-29. Wasted Fuel per Eligible DriverThe Texas Transportation Institute's (TTI) Urban Roadway Congestion Annual Report provided figures for tables 4-27and 4-28. TTI relies on data from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, HighwayPerformance Monitoring System database (HPMS). (See box 1-1 for detailed information about the HPMS.) TTIutilizes these data as inputs for its congestion estimation model. Detailed documentation for the TTI model andestimations can be found at http://mobility.tamu.edu/.The sum of fuel wasted in typical congestion (recurring delay) and incident related delays equal the annual wastedfuel for an urban area. Recurring delay is the product of recurring delay (annual hours in moderate, heavy, andsevere delays) and average peak period system speed divided by average fuel economy. Incident delay hours are
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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BEA personal consumption expenditur
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Transportation-related government p
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information on their data collectio
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AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
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The American Public Transit Associa
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Government EmploymentThe Office of
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specifications or equations, should
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As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
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Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
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consistency between the different m
Page 448 and 449: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
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Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 500 and 501: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 504 and 505: The number of the people exposed to
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