Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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information on their data collection methods could not be ascertained and the data's reliability is uncertain. APIreported the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) as its data source for 1981 to 2001 retail gasoline prices. Theremainder of this section discusses the BLS Consumer Price Index (CPI) data collection and estimation methodsused to derive the average retail price of gasoline.BLS uses the CPI as a measure of average price changes paid by urban consumers for a fixed basket of goods andservices. BLS estimates the CPI with a survey-based approach. Survey results define a categorization of goods andservices, a representative sample of items to track, and weights according to the consumption of an averageconsumer during a base period.Sample DesignBLS relies on two sampling frames for their CPI estimates. One represents the universe of retail outlets from whichhouseholds may purchase defined groups of commodities and services including gasoline. A second representshouseholds across urban areas. Moreover, the household frame is based on an "urban-consumer" population andconsists of households in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) and in urban places with more than 2,500inhabitants. This "all urban" CPI (CPI-U) provides the estimates for retail gasoline prices shown in table 3-9.Thus, thisframe does not represent non-urban consumers.For the retail outlet sampling frame, BLS relies on the Point-of-Purchase Survey (CPOPS) conducted by the CensusBureau in 94 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) identified by BLS. PSUs are based on urban counties, groups ofcontiguous urban counties, or MSAs. For the household sample, a noncompact clustering procedure was employedwhich dispersed households evenly within a Census enumeration district (ED). More detailed sampling designinformation can be found in BLS's Handbook of Methods at http://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm.Prices for the goods and services used to calculate the CPI are collected in 91 PSUs located in 85 urban areasthroughout the country. The sample size for the CPOPS totals about 21,000 retail and service establishmentssupermarkets,department stores, gasoline stations, hospitals, etc. Food, fuels, and a few other items are pricedmonthly in all 85 locations. BLS field representatives collect all price information through visits or telephone calls inthe household surveys. Price changes are computed based on a sample of outlets selected from locations identifiedby consumers. Specific sample items are then selected from each sample outlet to ensure that the market basket isrepresentative of where households shop.EstimationBLS routinely updates its price estimates for specific items among the collection of goods and services, for example,a new car model year. BLS employs three techniques to produce new price estimates. First, an item that is directlycomparable to the previous discontinued good will be used to provide a price estimate. However, a substitute itemmay be inappropriate when goods change slightly in their characteristics. BLS relies on Hedonic regression modelingas a second "quality adjustment" for price estimates. This statistical technique can model the importance of variousquality characteristics that add value to a particular good (the fiber content and construction of apparel products forinstance). A researcher can estimate a Hedonic regression model that identifies the factors most important isdetermining the price of a good, and BLS field representatives will note these in their data collection. Imputation is athird quality adjustment used for "noncomparable" substitutions where BLS estimates the price change from previousaverages. Detailed algorithms can be found in chapter 17 of the BLS Handbook of Methods athttp://stats.bls.gov/opub/hom/homhome.htm.Effective January 1999, BLS began using a new formula for calculating the basic components of the Consumer PriceIndex for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) and the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers(CPI-W). The new formula, the geometric mean estimator, is used in index categories that comprise approximately 61percent of total consumer spending represented by the CPI-U. Based on BLS research, it is expected that use of thenew formula will reduce the annual rate of increase in the CPI by approximately 0.2 percentage point per year.Additional information on this change was published in the April 1998 CPI Detailed Report and is available on theInternet at http://stats.bls.gov/cpihome.htm.AccuracyOne of the CPI's limitations is that it represents price movements for urban residents and may not correctly representnonurban consumption patterns. The CPI may also contain sampling error because it is estimated from a sample of
consumer purchases. Nonsampling error may occur if respondents provide BLS field representatives with inaccurateor incomplete information. Another potential source of error identified by BLS may occur because of a time lagbetween the Point-of-Purchase Survey and the initiation of price collection for commodities and services at resampledoutlets. Because of the time lag, the products offered by the outlet at the time pricing is initiated may not coincide withthe set from which the CPOPS respondents were purchasing.The CPI is also subject to response error when data are not collected because of non-response. BLS established anonresponse auditing program in 1986.It reported that response rates in 1990 for transportation commodities andservices were above 90 percent.BiasFour categories of bias were identified in the BLS report, Measurement Issues in the Consumer Price Index,published in 1997. First, because of the fixed-weight nature of the index, the CPI creates substitution bias by placingtoo much weight on items measured in previous surveys from which consumers may have shifted away. Second, thestudy found that the index did not account for consumers switching to discount stores. Third, a quality change biaswas also identified when the differences between goods priced in two different periods cannot be accuratelymeasured nor deduced from the accompanying price difference between the goods. Finally, the report noted that theCPI also had a new product bias because the index inadequately reflected consumer value of products introducedinto the market. The commission concluded that the CPI overstated the true cost-of-living change by 1.1 percentagepoints per year.TABLE 3-13. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Services and Warehousing Services (NAICS)TABLE 3-14. Producer Price Indices for Transportation Equipment (NAICS)Data shown in these tables are drawn from annual issues of The Supplement to Producer Price Indexes published bythe Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) in the U.S. Department of Labor. These indexes represent a measure of outputsin all goods-producing American industries as well as partial coverage of service industries including transportation.BLS defines a price as the net revenue accrued to a specified production establishment from a specified kind of buyerfor a specific product shipped under specific transaction terms on a specified day of the month. BLS collects this dataseries through surveys of a sample of establishments that report their prices from economic transactions.Data CollectionA BLS field economist visits an establishment or cluster of establishments selected for price sampling. The economistuses a disaggregation procedure to select a sample of transactions from all the establishment's revenue-producingactivities. This disaggregation procedure assigns a probability of selection to each shipping or receipt categoryproportionate to its value within a reporting unit. In most cases, the final price index produced by the BLS requiresthat 1) there are at least three different respondents to a survey, 2) at least two reporting units provide priceinformation in a given month, and 3) no single respondent accounts for 50 percent or more of the weight for a givenitem.BLS regional offices review field data for consistency and completeness. The national office then conducts a finalreview and a survey is then tailored specifically to establishments or clusters of establishments. BLS refers to theseas repricing schedules and sends them to reporting establishments on a regular basis. Most prices refer to areporting schedule on a particular day of the month, usually, the first Tuesday or the 13th of a month.EstimationBLS collects prices for over 100,000 items. It utilizes several different weighting schemes for the numerous indexesproduced because some products will have a greater effect on the movement of groupings of individual products.BLS utilizes the net output of shipment values as weights for the 4-digit SIC industries. Net output values include onlyshipments from establishments in one industry to other industry establishments and, thus, differ from gross shipmentvalues. The latter would include shipments among establishments in the same industry, even if those establishmentsare separate firms. BLS also makes seasonal adjustments if statistical tests and economic rationale justify them, andcomputes data when a participating company does not deliver a price report. BLS bases the missing price estimationon the average of price changes for similar products reported by other establishments.
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
Page 381 and 382: Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
Page 383 and 384: KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
Page 385 and 386: Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 387 and 388: 161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483:
Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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