Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

More documents

Recommendations

Info

year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt byvehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic MonitoringGuide (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual. The prescribed sampling process forcollecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, inpractice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annualHighway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that hasstatistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are notedhere.1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volumeestimates with an average precision level of 80-percent confidence with a 10-percent allowable error at the statelevel. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them followthese procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information aredependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers,and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling,counting, and estimating procedures contained in the Traffic Monitoring Guide, and the exact degree to which thestates follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow theguidelines.2. Estimates for higher-level roadway systems are more accurate than those for lower level ones, since trafficvolumes on higher-level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts becollected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three-year cycle. Under this scheme, about one-third ofthe traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainderare factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year,most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, ruralmajor collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to reportvolumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used toestimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculatingtravel on these roadways.3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for severalreasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy ofTraffic Monitoring Equipment, GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are oftendetermined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/orpurposes, and observed local-level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3)vehicle type definitions can vary among states.4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey-based estimates from the Truck Inventory andUse Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancyappears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices.See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record, No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press),pp. 42-46.5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example,national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoringprograms are applied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices.Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles pergallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle registration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class,and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures dataconsistency.6.Passenger-miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy)factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA andTIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated withestimating vehicle-loading factors.Transit
The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal TransitAdministration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTAreviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary becausesome transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data toinclude transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).Class I Rail (vehicle-miles)Data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data arebased on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 ofthe R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at orabove a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in theRailroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class Irailroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicablethreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number ofrailroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.Intercity TrainThe AAR passenger-miles number is based on an almost 100-percent count of tickets and, therefore, is consideredaccurate.TABLE 1-38. Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger ModesFreightAir Carrier and TruckThe Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.Class I RailThe data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data arebased on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 ofthe R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenuesat or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in theRailroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class Irailroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicablethreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number ofrailroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.WaterThe data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENGForms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargomovements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shorefacilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4)cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying thecargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.Oil PipelineThe Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department ofEnergy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton-miles byestimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.
Page 1:
NationalTransportationStatistics
Page 4 and 5:
AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
Page 7 and 8:
Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
Page 9 and 10:
1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
Page 11 and 12:
SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
Page 13 and 14:
3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
Page 15 and 16:
4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
Page 18:
IntroductionCompiled and published
Page 21:
SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
Page 25 and 26:
Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
Page 27 and 28:
Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
Page 29 and 30:
Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
Page 31 and 32:
Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
Page 33 and 34:
Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
Page 36:
Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
Page 39 and 40:
Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
Page 43 and 44:
Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
Page 45 and 46:
Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
Page 47 and 48:
Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
Page 49 and 50:
Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
Page 51 and 52:
Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
Page 53:
Section CCondition
Page 56 and 57:
Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
Page 58 and 59:
Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
Page 60 and 61:
Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
Page 62 and 63:
Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
Page 64 and 65:
Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
Page 66 and 67:
Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
Page 68 and 69:
Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
Page 70 and 71:
Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
Page 72 and 73:
Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
Page 74 and 75:
Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
Page 76 and 77:
Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
Page 79:
Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
Page 82 and 83:
Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
Page 84 and 85:
Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
Page 86 and 87:
Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
Page 88 and 89:
Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
Page 90 and 91:
Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
Page 92 and 93:
Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
Page 94 and 95:
Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
Page 96 and 97:
Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
Page 98:
Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
Page 102 and 103:
Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
Page 104 and 105:
Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
Page 106 and 107:
Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
Page 108 and 109:
Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
Page 110 and 111:
Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
Page 112 and 113:
Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
Page 114:
Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
Page 118 and 119:
Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
Page 120 and 121:
Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
Page 122 and 123:
Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
Page 124 and 125:
Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
Page 127:
Section BAir
Page 130 and 131:
Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
Page 132 and 133:
Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
Page 134 and 135:
Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
Page 136 and 137:
Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
Page 139:
Section CHighway
Page 142 and 143:
Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
Page 144 and 145:
Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
Page 148 and 149:
Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
Page 150 and 151:
Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
Page 152 and 153:
Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
Page 154 and 155:
Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
Page 157:
Section DTransit
Page 160 and 161:
Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
Page 162 and 163:
d The number of Unlinked passenger
Page 164 and 165:
Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
Page 166 and 167:
Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
Page 168:
KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
Page 172 and 173:
Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
Page 174 and 175:
Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
Page 176 and 177:
Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
Page 178:
Section FWater
Page 181 and 182:
Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
Page 183 and 184:
Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
Page 186:
Section GPipeline
Page 190:
Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
Page 193 and 194:
Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
Page 195 and 196:
Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
Page 197 and 198:
Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
Page 199 and 200:
Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
Page 201 and 202:
Table 3-10: National Transportation
Page 204 and 205:
Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
Page 206 and 207:
Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
Page 208 and 209:
Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
Page 210 and 211:
Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
Page 212:
Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
Page 216 and 217:
Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
Page 218 and 219:
Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
Page 220 and 221:
Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
Page 222 and 223:
Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
Page 224:
Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
Page 228 and 229:
Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
Page 230 and 231:
Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
Page 232 and 233:
Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
Page 234 and 235:
Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
Page 236 and 237:
Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
Page 239:
Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
Page 242 and 243:
Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
Page 245:
Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
Page 248 and 249:
Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
Page 250 and 251:
Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
Page 252 and 253:
Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
Page 254 and 255:
Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
Page 256 and 257:
Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
Page 258 and 259:
Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
Page 260 and 261:
Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
Page 262 and 263:
Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
Page 265 and 266:
Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
Page 267 and 268:
Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
Page 269 and 270:
Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
Page 271 and 272:
Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
Page 273 and 274:
Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
Page 275 and 276:
Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
Page 278:
Section DAir Pollution
Page 281 and 282:
Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
Page 283 and 284:
1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
Page 293 and 294:
KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
Page 295 and 296:
Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
Page 297 and 298:
Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
Page 299 and 300:
Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
Page 307 and 308:
Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
Page 310:
Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
Page 313 and 314:
Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
Page 315 and 316:
Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
Page 318:
appendix aMetric ConversionTables
Page 321 and 322:
Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
Page 323 and 324:
Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
Page 325 and 326:
Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
Page 327 and 328:
a Includes freight, express, and ma
Page 329 and 330:
Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
Page 331 and 332:
Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
Page 333 and 334:
Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
Page 335 and 336:
Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
Page 337 and 338:
Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
Page 339 and 340:
Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
Page 341 and 342:
Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
Page 343 and 344:
Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
Page 345 and 346:
Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
Page 347 and 348:
Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
Page 349 and 350:
Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
Page 351 and 352:
Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
Page 353 and 354:
Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
Page 355 and 356:
Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
Page 357 and 358:
Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
Page 359 and 360: Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
Page 361 and 362: Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
Page 363 and 364: Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
Page 365 and 366: Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
Page 367 and 368: appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
Page 370: appendix dModal Profiles
Page 373 and 374: Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
Page 375 and 376: Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
Page 377 and 378: Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 379 and 380: General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
Page 381 and 382: Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
Page 383 and 384: KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
Page 385 and 386: Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 387 and 388: 161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 448 and 449: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461:
Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463:
Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465:
after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467:
adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469:
year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471:
PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473:
The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475:
The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477:
A second data source for air-carrie
Page 478 and 479:
Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 480 and 481:
If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483:
Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485:
RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487:
multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489:
In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491:
The number of the people exposed to
Page 492 and 493:
Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 494 and 495:
If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497:
Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499:
RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501:
multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503:
In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 504 and 505:
The number of the people exposed to
show all

Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?