Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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year. Also, expansion factors are used for roadways that are sampled rather than continuously monitored. Vmt byvehicle type is estimated using vehicle share estimates supplied by states.FHWA has established methods for collecting, coding, and reporting HPMS data in two manuals: Traffic MonitoringGuide (TMG) and Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual. The prescribed sampling process forcollecting highway volume data, which is used to estimate AADT, is based on statistical methods. However, inpractice, several factors affect the ultimate quality of the data. FHWA discusses many of these issues in their annualHighway Statistics report and other publications. However, BTS is not aware of any study or report that hasstatistically quantified the accuracy of vmt estimates. Some of the primary issues related to data quality are notedhere.1. The sampling procedures suggested in the TMG and HPMS Field Manual are designed to produce traffic volumeestimates with an average precision level of 80-percent confidence with a 10-percent allowable error at the statelevel. FHWA provides additional guidance to states through annual workshops and other avenues to help them followthese procedures as closely as possible. However, the actual data quality and consistency of HPMS information aredependent on the programs, actions, and maintenance of sound databases by numerous data collectors, suppliers,and analysts at the state, metropolitan, and other local area levels. Not all states follow the recommended sampling,counting, and estimating procedures contained in the Traffic Monitoring Guide, and the exact degree to which thestates follow these guidelines overall is unknown. However, FHWA believes that most states generally follow theguidelines.2. Estimates for higher-level roadway systems are more accurate than those for lower level ones, since trafficvolumes on higher-level roadways are sampled at a higher rate. The TMG recommends that traffic counts becollected for all Interstate and principal arterial sections on a three-year cycle. Under this scheme, about one-third ofthe traffic counts for these roadway sections in a given year are actually measured, while volumes on the remainderare factored to represent present growth. Although some States collect data at all traffic count locations every year,most use some variation of the TMG data collection guidelines. Volumes on urban and rural minor arterials, ruralmajor collectors, and urban collectors are collected using a sampling procedure. States are not required to reportvolumes for rural/urban local systems and rural minor collectors, though most do so. However, the methods used toestimate travel on these roadways vary from state to state since there are no standard guidelines for calculatingtravel on these roadways.3. Vmt estimates by vehicle type are less accurate than are estimates for total motor vehicle vmt for severalreasons:1) vehicle classification equipment can frequently misclassify vehicles (see B.A. Harvey et al, Accuracy ofTraffic Monitoring Equipment, GDOT 9210, (Georgia Tech Research Institute:1995)); 2) vehicle shares are oftendetermined by methods or by special studies that are not directly compatible with HPMS data definitions and/orpurposes, and observed local-level vehicle classification counts are difficult to apply on a statewide basis; and 3)vehicle type definitions can vary among states.4. Vmt estimates for combination trucks in HPMS differ from survey-based estimates from the Truck Inventory andUse Survey (TIUS), as much as 50 percent for some categories of combination trucks. Much of this discrepancyappears to be due to differences in truck classification definitions and biases introduced by data collection practices.See R.D. Mingo et al.1995. Transportation Research Record, No. 1511 (Washington, DC: National Academy Press),pp. 42-46.5. FHWA adjusts questionable data using a variety of standard techniques and professional judgement. For example,national average temporal adjustment factors developed from HPMS and other national highway monitoringprograms are applied to State data, when necessary, to compensate for temporal deficiencies in sampling practices.Also, in estimating vmt by vehicle type, FHWA employs an iterative process to reconcile vmt, fuel economy (miles pergallon), fuel consumption, and vehicle registration estimates. Fuel consumption, total vmt by highway functional class,and registrations by vehicle group are used as control totals. This process limits the size of errors and ensures dataconsistency.6.Passenger-miles of travel (pmt) are calculated by multiplying vmt estimates by vehicle loading (or occupancy)factors from various sources, such as the Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey conducted by FHWA andTIUS. Thus, pmt data are subject to the same accuracy issues as vmt, along with uncertainties associated withestimating vehicle-loading factors.Transit
The American Public Transit Association (APTA) figures are based on information in USDOT, Federal TransitAdministration (FTA), National Transit Database. Transit data are generally considered accurate because FTAreviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. However, reliability may vary becausesome transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret data. APTA adjusts the FTA data toinclude transit operators that do not report to the FTA database (private, very small, and rural operators).Class I Rail (vehicle-miles)Data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data arebased on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 ofthe R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at orabove a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in theRailroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 1999, the adjusted threshold for Class Irailroads was $258.5 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicablethreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number ofrailroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.Intercity TrainThe AAR passenger-miles number is based on an almost 100-percent count of tickets and, therefore, is consideredaccurate.TABLE 1-38. Average Length of Haul: Domestic Freight and Passenger ModesFreightAir Carrier and TruckThe Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc. estimated these figures.Class I RailThe data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). AAR data arebased on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB) via Schedule 700 ofthe R1 Annual Report required of Class I railroads. The STB defined Class I railroads as having operating revenuesat or above a threshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in theRailroad Freight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the adjusted threshold for Class Irailroads was $ 261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicablethreshold for three consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 1percent of the number ofrailroads in the country, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.WaterThe data are from Waterborne Commerce of the United States, published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers(USACE). All vessel operators of record report their domestic waterborne traffic movements to USACE via ENGForms 3925 and 3925b.Cargo movements are reported according to points of loading and unloading. Certain cargomovements are excluded: 1) cargo carried on general ferries, 2) coal and petroleum products loaded from shorefacilities directly into vessels for fuel use, 3) military cargo moved in U.S. Department of Defense vessels, and 4)cargo weighing less than 100 tons moved on government equipment. USACE calculates ton-miles by multiplying thecargo's tonnage by the distance between points of loading and unloading.Oil PipelineThe Eno Transportation Foundation, Inc., provided these figures, which are estimates based on U.S. Department ofEnergy and Association of Oil Pipe Lines reports. Figures are derived by dividing estimated pipeline ton-miles byestimated crude and petroleum products tonnage.
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 504 and 505: The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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