Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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specifications or equations, should refer to Kunze and Jablonski (Kunze and Jablonski 1998) or call the Office ofProductivity and Technology at BLS.AccuracyBLS provides no measures of reliability. However, BLS makes an assumption that transportation outputs should bemeasured using the production of passenger-miles or freight-miles. Another school of thought might assume thatmany transportation firms or facilities are actually providing capacity rather than actual use. Thus, an argument canbe made that productivity should be based on capacity rather than use. In fact, this is how BEA measurestransportation output. To evaluate the BLS assumption, one study compared the two approaches by examining thedifferent growth rates produced by BLS and BEA and found that in 25 of 35 service industries, the differences arewithin one percentage point. For transportation, differences in growth rates across BLS and BEA estimates were twopercentage points or less (Kunze and Jablonski 1998).Beginning with 1997 data, the indices for bus and petroleum pipelines did not meet BLS publication standards andare considered less reliable than those for other modes. These industries had between 14,000 and 15,000employees, far below the 50,000-employee threshold established for transportation industries by BLS. However, theyboth met a basic test of variability of the annual percent changes in the output per hour measure.GOVERNMENT REVENUES AND EXPENDITURESTABLE 3-29 & 3-30. Federal, State, and Local Government Transportation-Related Revenues andExpenditures, Fiscal Year (Current and constant 1996 dollars)TABLE 3-31. Summary of Transportation Revenues and Expenditures from Own Funds and User Coverage,Fiscal Year (Current and chained 2000 $ millions)TABLE 3-32 & 3-33. Federal Transportation-Related Expenditures by Mode, Fiscal Year (Current and constant1996 dollars)TABLE 3-34. Cash Balances of the Transportation-Related Federal Trust Funds, Fiscal YearThe main sources for federal-level data are the Budget of the United States Government and the Appendix to theBudget. These data are the actual figures as reported for the various transportation-related programs in theappendices of each year's budget document. 1 The figures are consistent from year to year and follow the definitionalstructure required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).Primary sources for state and local transportation-related revenues and expenditures data are censuses and surveyscollected by the U.S. Census Bureau. All units of government are included in the Census of Governments, which istaken at five-year intervals for years ending in 2 or 7, and these data are full counts, which are not subject tosampling error.State and local government data for noncensus years are obtained by annual surveys, which are subject to samplingerror. For U.S. totals of local government revenues and expenditures in this report, sampling variability is less than 3percent.Federal figures in this report correspond to the federal fiscal year, which begins on October 1, while state and localdata are for fiscal years that generally start in July. While this may create a small error in totals for any given year, thedata are suitable for illustrating trends in public transportation finance. Programs terminated before 1985 areexcluded from the tables. The totals for transportation revenues and expenditures in this report are the sum of theCensus Bureau's state and local numbers plus the total of the federal numbers.The source of the chained dollar deflators is The National Income and Product Account Tables, Bureau of EconomicAnalysis, table 7.1, "Quantity and Price Indexes for Gross Domestic Product." All inflation-adjusted data are for thebase year 1996, instead of 1992 as in previous editions of National Transportation Statistics. Note that deflators usedfor the federal data differ from those used for state and local data. Thus, if expenditures are totaled across differentlevels of government in chained dollars before and after federal grant transfers, the totals will not match.
Transportation RevenuesTransportation revenue estimates include transportation-related user charges, taxes, or fees earmarked fortransportation-related expenditures. Estimates include transit fares from systems owned and operated by state andlocal governments, including those systems operated under contract by a private firm under day-to-day financialoversight by government.Federal transportation revenues generally consist of trust-fund collections from user charges, such as fuel taxes,vehicle taxes, registration and licensing fees, and air passenger ticket taxes. Damage payments made by privateparties are deposited in the funds to reimburse the government for related fund expenditures.The five transportation-related Federal trust funds are established by law:1. Highway Trust Fund (HTF), which includes both highway and transit accounts;2. Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF);3. Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund (HMTF);4. Inland Waterways Trust Fund (IWATF); and5. Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF).Highway RevenuesThe Highway Trust Fund (HTF) was established by the Highway Revenue Act of 1956. Highway Trust Fund revenuesare derived from various excise taxes on highways users (e.g., motor fuel, motor vehicles, tires, and parts andaccessories for trucks and buses) and interest earned on balances. The Transportation Equity Act for the 21 st Century(TEA-21), which was enacted in June 1998, made important changes to the Federal Highway Trust Fund legislations(FHWA, 1999):• extension of deposit provisions of almost all highway user taxes through September 30, 2005;• after September 30, 1998, the HTF can no longer earn interest on balances, and the balance in the highwayaccount would be transferred to the general fund;• TEA-21 keys Federal-aid highway funds to receipts of the Highway Account of the HTF; and• the Transit Account share of fuel tax rose from 2 cents per gallon to 2.86 cents per gallon.The Excise tax on gasoline is the most important source of the HTF revenues and has changed five times since1985. It increased from 9 cents per gallon in 1985 to 9.1 cents per gallon on January 1, 1987; to 14.1 cents per gallonon December 1, 1990; to 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1993; to 18.3 cents per gallon on January 1, 1996; andto 18.4 cents per gallon on October 1, 1997 (FHWA, 1999).Money paid into the fund is earmarked primarily for the Federal-aid Highway program, which is apportioned to statesfor planning, constructing, and improving the nation's highway system, roads, and bridges. Effective April 1983, theHighway Revenue Act of 1982 created the Mass Transit Account within the HTF.Some portion of the HTF is dedicated to budget deficit reduction and the Leaking Underground Storage Tank TrustFund (LUSTTF). For example, 4.3 cents per gallon of the federal excise tax on gasoline has been assigned to thegeneral fund since January 1, 1996, and 0.1 cents per gallon was apportioned to the LUSTTF since October 1, 1997(FHWA, 1999). These funds are not considered as transportation-related in this report.State and local highway revenues include state and local taxes on motor fuels, motor vehicle licenses, and motorvehicle operator licenses, along with state and local charges for regular toll highways and local parking charges.Regular highway charges (revenues) include reimbursements for street construction and repairs, fees for curb cutsand special traffic signs, and maintenance assessments for street lighting, snow removal, and other highway or streetservices unrelated to toll facilities. Local governments use special assessments and property taxes that may becommingled with other local revenue in a general fund to finance local road and street programs. Consistent withfederal revenues, state and local transportation revenues in this report do not include general funds that may beallocated to transportation.Transit Revenues
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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