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when data are entered, they are checked automatically for acceptable range values and consistency, enabling quickcorrections when necessary. Several programs continually monitor the data for completeness and accuracy.Periodically, sample cases are analyzed for accuracy and consistency.Note that the FARS data do not include motor vehicle fatalities on nonpublic roads. However, previous NHTSAanalysis found that these fatalities account for 2 percent or fewer of the total motor vehicle fatalities per year. (Seeglossary for highway fatality definition.)Injuries and CrashesNHTSA's General Estimates System (GES) data are a nationally representative sample of police-reported crashesthat contributed to an injury or fatality or resulted in property damage, and involved at least one motor vehicletraveling on a trafficway. Trained GES data collectors randomly sample PARs and forward copies to a centralcontractor for coding into a standard GES system format. Documents such as police diagrams or supporting textprovided by the officers may be further reviewed to complete a data entry.NHTSA suggests that about half of motor vehicle crashes in the United States are not reported to police and that themajority of these unreported crashes involve minor property damage and no significant personal injury. A NHTSAstudy of injuries from motor vehicle crashes estimated the total count of nonfatal injuries at over 5 million comparedwith the GES's estimate of 3.2 million in 1998. (See glossary for highway crash and injury definitions.)(See U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts 2008,DOT HS 811 170 (Washington, DC: 2009), appendices B and C for further information on GES, including a table ofstandard errors applicable to GES data.)TABLE 2-30. Safety Belt and Motorcycle Helmet UseThe National Occupant Protection Use Survey (NOPUS), conducted biennially between 1994 and 2010 by the U.S.Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration is the source for these data.In 1994 and 1996, NOPUS consisted of three separate studies: 1) the Moving Traffic Study, which providesinformation on overall shoulder belt use, 2) the Controlled Intersection Study, which provides more detailedinformation about shoulder belt use by type of vehicle, characteristics of the belt users, and child restraint use, and 3)the Shopping Center Study, which provides information on rear-seat belt use and shoulder belt misuse. In 1998, theShopping Center Study was dropped from the survey. The Controlled Intersection Study includes the collection oflicense plate information to link seat belt use to vehicle type. As the results of the Controlled Intersection Study for2000 were not available prior to publication, only the Moving Traffic Study data were used in this table.In 1998, NOPUS separated pickups from the light truck category, thereby creating three categories of passengervehicles: passenger cars, pickup trucks, and other passenger vehicles. Other passenger vehicles include vans,minivans, and sport utility vehicles. In this table, 1998 and 2000 data for pickup trucks and other passenger vehiclesare combined into the light truck category to allow comparison to data from the earlier surveys. Since 2003, however,the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) no longer computes an overall light truck belt useestimate. Instead, belt use is computed separately for motorists in: (1) vans and sport utility vehicles, and (2) pickuptrucks. Additionally, NHTSA no longer reports separate statistics for passengers and drivers, except at the overalllevel.In 1994, operators and riders wearing any type of helmet were counted as helmeted. In 1996, 1998, and 2000,motorcycle helmets that meet USDOT standards are counted as valid protection, whereas those that do not meetUSDOT standards were treated as if the operator/rider were not wearing a helmet.Data collection from the Moving Traffic Study was conducted at 1,823 sites across the country in 2009. Shoulder beltuse was obtained for drivers and right-front passengers only. Three observers (two observers in 1994 and 1996)were stationed for 30 minutes at interstate/highway exit ramps, controlled (intersections with stop signs or trafficsignals), and uncontrolled intersections. Every day of the week and all daylight hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m.) were coveredin each survey. Commercial and emergency vehicles were excluded.
NOPUS was designed as a multistage probability sample to ensure that the results would represent occupantprotection use in the country. In the first stage, counties were grouped by regions (northeast, midwest, south, west),level of urbanization (metropolitan or not), and level of belt use (high, medium, or low). Fifty counties or groups ofcounties were selected based on vehicle miles of travel in those locations. In the next stage, roadways were selectedfrom two categories: major roads and local roads. Of the originally selected sites, some were found to be ineligibleduring mapping and data collection, and at some sites no vehicles were observed. In 2006, a newly designed sampleof observation sites emerged; subsequent years’ NOPUS surveys used a combination of sites from the old and newsamples. In 2009, a blend of 65 percent of sites were determined using the new methodology and 35 percent of siteswere obtained from the old methodology. In 2009, a total of 100,000 passenger vehicles were observed, down from116,000 in 2008. 947 motorcycles were also observed during the 2009 NOPUS.Each reported estimate has been statistically weighted according to the sample design. Two kinds of error can beattributed to all survey research: sampling and nonsampling. A measure, called the standard error, is used to indicatethe magnitude of sampling error. The source information provides two standard errors along with each estimate.Nonsampling errors could include problems such as vehicles not counted, incorrect determination of restraint use,and data entry mistakes, among others.TABLE 2-31. Estimated Number of Lives Saved by Use of RestraintsThe U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) uses data obtainedfrom the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to calculate the number of lives saved by the use of restraints. Themethodology used is outlined in a NHTSA report, Research Note, Estimating Lives Saved by Restraint Use inPotentially Fatal Crashes (Washington, DC: June 1995). The general approach is to adjust the observed number offatalities by a determined effectiveness rate for each type of restraint. This equates to subtracting the actual fatalitiesfrom the potential fatalities to determine the number of lives saved. This method is more accurate than earlierestimation methods since all calculations are derived from NHTSA's count of fatalities in which restraints were used.Reported restraint use is believed to be accurate for fatalities.The key to NHTSA's calculations is the effectiveness estimate for preventing fatalities for each type of restraint. Withthe exception of an adjustment in the effectiveness estimate for front outboard air bag-only restraint use in passengercars (NHTSA, Fourth Report to Congress, Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use,Washington, DC, May 1999), a list of effectiveness estimates can be found in a NHTSA report, Estimating AlcoholInvolvement in Fatal Crashes in Light of Increases in Restraint Use, published in March 1998.This report alsoincludes additional references describing the determination of these effectiveness estimates.TRANSIT DATATABLE 2-1. Transportation Fatalities by ModeTABLE 2-2. Transportation Injuries by ModeTABLE 2-3. Transportation Accidents by ModeTABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transportation Fatalities by ModeTABLE 2-32. Transit Safety and Property Damage DataTABLE 2-33. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported AccidentsTABLE 2-34. Transit Safety Data by Mode for All Reported IncidentsTABLE 2-38. Reports of Violent Crime, Property Crime, and Arrests by Transit ModeThe data for this report are obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration's(FTA's) National Transit Database (NTD) Reporting System. Transit agencies are required to file an NTD report atregular intervals if they are recipients of Urbanized Area Formula Funds. In 2008, 692 agencies reported to the NTD.Of that total, 101 transit agencies received exemptions from detailed reporting because they operated 9 or fewer
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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