Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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The number of the people exposed to aircraft noise around airports is estimated by computer modeling rather than byactual measurements. The U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's)Integrated Noise Model (INM) has been the primary tool for assessing aircraft noise around airports for nearly 30years. This model uses information on aircraft mix, average daily operations, flight tracks, and runway distribution togenerate and plot contours of Day Night Sound Level (DNL).With the addition of a digitized population censusdatabase, the model can estimate the number of residents exposed to noise levels of 65 decibels (db) DNL.The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) produced the first estimate of airport noise exposure in 1975.Itreported that 7 million residents were exposed to significant levels of aircraft noise in 1978.This number became the"anchor point" for all future estimates of the nationwide noise impacts. In 1980, FAA developed another methodologyfor estimating the change in the number of people impacted by noise (from the 1975 anchor value) as a function ofchanges in both the national fleet and in the FAA's Terminal Area Forecast (TAF). In 1990, the FAA created animproved method of estimating the change in number of people impacted (relative to the 1980 estimates).In 1993, the FAA began using its newly developed Nationwide Airport Noise Impact Model (NANIM) to estimate theimpact of airplane noise on residential communities surrounding U.S. airports that support jet operations. FAA usesthis model to determine the relative changes in number of people and land area exposed to 65 db DNL as a result ofchanges in nationwide aircraft fleet mix and operations. NANIM uses data on air traffic patterns found in the OfficialAirline Guide (OAG), air traffic growth projections found in FAA's TAF, population figures from the U.S. CensusBureau, and information on noise contour areas for the top 250 U.S. civil airports with jet operations.The methodology used in NANIM has been peer reviewed and approved. However, a formal evaluation of themodel's accuracy has not been conducted. Some data used in NANIM are updated manually, thus the possibility ofdata entry errors does exist. Entries are reviewed and then corrected as appropriate. The aircraft mix and operationsfiles from FAA's TAF and OAG are updated automatically. Changes to either of the sources could introduce errors.For example, it was recently discovered that OAG redefined some aircraft codes and altered some data fields in itsdatabase. These changes make it impossible for the NANIM utility program to accurately read the current OAGdatabase. A rewrite of the source code is necessary to eliminate this error. Also, since airport authorities are notrequired to produce noise exposure maps and reports unless they intend to apply for Federal grants, 14 of the 50busiest commercial airports, including JFK and LaGuardia, have not produced (for public consumption) noiseexposure maps in several years. In the absence of actual data, the NANIM database contains approximations of thenoise contours areas based on airports of similar size and similar operation. Without actual airport data, it isimpossible to quantify the error introduced by the approximation.The number of people exposed to aircraft noise for 1998 through 2001 was estimated by the FAA's latest version ofits MAGENTA model. This new, more accurate model is based on 2000 census data and uses input data on aircraftand operations specific to U.S. airports. This revised model also uses the FAA Terminal Forecast (TAF), whichprovides information on how operations will increase on an airport specific basis. Updated monthly, the TAF allows amore accurate forecast of U.S. operations.TABLE 4-58. Motor Vehicles ScrappedThe Polk Company's Vehicles in Operation database is the source of these data. This database is a census ofvehicles that are currently registered in all states within the United States. It is based on information from statedepartment of motor vehicles. Polk updates the database quarterly (March, June, September, and December).Scrapped vehicles are those that Polk removes from its database when: 1) States indicate registered vehicles havesuffered major damage (such as a flood or accident), or 2) No renewal (reregistration) notice is received by Polkwithin a state's allotted time (normally one year). In the latter case, if a vehicle is subsequently reregistered, it isreturned to the database. The Polk data on motor vehicles is broken down into passenger cars and trucks, and thisidentification comes with the registration data from the DMV.REFERENCESU.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1994. Accuracy of Petroleum Supply Data. Tammy G.Heppner and Carol L. French, eds.Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. 1990. Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, AComparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys, DOE/EIA-0533.Washington, DC.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1998.MOBILE5 Information Sheet #7: NOx Benefitsof Reformulated Gasoline Using MOBILE5a. Ann Arbor, MI. September 30.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.1998.National Air PollutantEmission Trends, Procedure Document, 1900-1996. EPA-454/R-98-008.Research Triangle Park, NC.May.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. 1996.Memorandum on Release ofMOBILE5b.(Revised Chapter 2 for the Users Guide to MOBILE5).October 11.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality and Standards, Emission Factor and InventoryGroup.1995.Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Volume II: Mobile Sources. Appendix H. Fifthed.June 30.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources (OMS). 1995. Draft User's Guide to PART5: AProgram for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor Vehicles, EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2.Ann Arbor, MI.February.U.S. EPA, Office of Mobile Sources.1994. Users Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model),EPA-AA-TEB-94-01.Ann Arbor, MI.May.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation. 1992. Procedures for Emission InventoryPreparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, EPA-450/4-81-026d (Revised).1Public Law 94-580, 90 Stat. 2795 (October 21, 1976).
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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BEA personal consumption expenditur
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Transportation-related government p
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information on their data collectio
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AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
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The American Public Transit Associa
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Government EmploymentThe Office of
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specifications or equations, should
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As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
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Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
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consistency between the different m
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 478 and 479: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 492 and 493: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503: In general, lead emissions are esti
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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