Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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Government EmploymentThe Office of the Secretary provides employment figures for the U.S. Department of Transportation. State and localhighway department employment figures are from the State and Local Government Employment and PayrollEstimates, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The data are for the 50 statesand the District of Columbia. Employment and payroll data pertain to the month of October. At present, data arecollected for one pay period that includes October 12 (regardless of the period's length) through the PublicEmployment Survey (PES).Employment refers to all persons gainfully employed by and performing services for a government. Employeesinclude all persons paid for personal services performed from all sources of funds, including persons paid fromfederally funded programs, paid elected officials, persons in a paid leave status, and persons paid on a per meeting,annual, semiannual, or quarterly basis. Excluded from employment statistics are unpaid officials, pensioners, personswhose work is performed on a fee basis, and contractors and their employees.The Census Bureau derives full-time equivalent (FTE) employment by summing the number of full-time employeesreported and converting the number of hours worked by part-time employees to a full-time equivalent amount. Upuntil 1985 data, the method used to calculate FTEs was based solely on payroll data. Effective with 1986 data, theannual employment survey started collecting data on the number of hours worked by part-time employees in order toprovide a more accurate representation of full-time equivalent employment. No October 1985 FTE employment dataare available.Beginning in 1999, the Public Employment Survey (PES) was conducted using a separate sample of approximately11,000 government units to improve data accuracy and survey efficiency. Government units meeting any of thefollowing criteria are included in the survey: 1) counties with populations greater than 100,000; 2) cities withpopulations greater than 75,000; 3) townships in New England and Mid-Atlantic with populations greater than 50,000;4) special districts with FTEs greater than 1000; 5) independent school districts with enrollment greater than 10,000;and 6) all dependent and independent schools providing college level education. In 1999, government units weresampled to obtain a relative standard error of 3 percent or less for FTE and total payroll for each of the states by typeof government groups.Prior to 1993, the PES used a joint sample of approximately 24,000 units for both employment and finance. From1993 to 1998, the sample size was reduced to around 14,000 units. The standard error for the PES prior to 1999 wasdesigned to be around 3 percent for major state- or county-level estimates of finance variables (state-level for 1993-1998 and county-level prior to 1993).Employment estimates are made using regression, except when the number ofnoncertainty cases contributing to the estimate is less than 20, where a simple unbiased estimate is used.TABLE 3-24. Employment in Transportation and Transportation-Related OccupationsTABLE 3-26. Median Weekly Earnings of Full-Time Wage and Salary Workers in Transportation by DetailedOccupationEmployment by detailed transportation occupation data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)survey, collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The OES is a periodic mail survey of nonfarmestablishments that collects occupational employment data on workers by industry. The OES program surveysapproximately 725,000 establishments in 400 detailed industries. The average response rate for the last three years,according to a BLS official, averaged about 70 percent.The sample is selected primarily from the list of business establishments reporting to the state unemploymentinsurance program. The OES sample initially stratifies the universe of establishments by three-digit industry code andsize- class code. Establishments employing 250 employees or more are sampled with certainty. Establishmentsemploying fewer than 250 employees but more than 4 employees are sampled with probability proportional to thesize class employment within each three-digit industry. Establishments employing four or fewer employees (i.e., sizeclass 1 establishments) are not sampled. Instead, the employment for these establishments are accounted for byassigning a larger sampling weight to establishments employing five to nine employees (i.e., size-class 2establishments).Within each three-digit industry/size- class cell, establishments are systematically selected into thesample through a single random start.Data Collection
Employers are the source of occupational data. Within establishments, the main source of occupational data reportedby respondents is personnel records. Data are collected from respondents primarily by mail. Occasionally, visits aremade to large employers and to other respondents who indicate particular difficulty in completing the questionnaires.Ordinarily, two mailings follow the initial mailing. After the third mailing, a subsample of the remaining nonrespondentsis drawn and contacted by telephone. The OES survey follows a 3-year cycle. Three surveys are conductedalternately for manufacturing, nonmanufacturing, and the balance of nonmanufacturing industries.EstimationDuring the sample selection process, each sampled establishment is assigned a sampling weight that is equal to thereciprocal of its probability of selection. For example, if an establishment on the sampling frame had a 1 in 10 chanceof being selected into the sample, then its sampling weight is 10. For establishments that did not respond to thesurvey, a nonresponse adjustment factor is calculated and applied against the sampling weights of the respondingestablishments within each state/3-digit industry/size-class cell. Multiplying these adjustment factors by samplingweights increases the weight of the responding establishments so they can account for the missing employment dataof the nonresponding establishments.AccuracyThe OES survey uses a subsample replication technique to estimate variances in occupational employment at the 3-digit industry/size-class level. For additional information on occupational employment estimates and measurements ofsampling error associated with the estimates, the reader is referred to http://stats.bls.gov/oes/home.htm.TABLE 3-25. Average Wage and Salary Accruals per Full-Time Equivalent Employee by TransportationIndustry (NAICS)TABLE 3-27. Total Wage and Salary Accruals by Transportation Industry (NAICS)The Survey of Current Business (tables 6.3c and 6.6c) published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau ofEconomic Analysis, is the source of transportation wage and salary data. These estimates are based on BLStabulations of employee wages that are covered by State unemployment insurance. As a component of the incomeside of National Income and Product Account, wages and salaries comprise part of the GDP calculation. These datareflect the monetary remuneration of employees in terms of wage accruals less disbursements. It is defined as thedifference between wages and salaries on a "when-earned" basis, or accrued, and wages and salaries on a "whenpaid,"or disbursed basis. This computation was instituted in 1992 because a significant portion of bonus paymentswere missed in previous calculations. Readers should also refer to the earlier discussion of GDP methods andreliability for more detail.TABLE 3-28. Labor Productivity Indices for Selected Transportation Industries (NAICS)The Bureau of Labor Statistic's (BLS) Industry Productivity Measures is the source of transportation labor productivitydata. BLS develops industry productivity measures based on various data sources.For rail, BLS uses freight ton-mile and passenger miles that are collected by the Surface Transportation Board (STB),the Association of American Railroads (AAR), and Amtrak. BLS also aggregates four different air transportationoutputs to form a single productivity index: domestic passenger-miles, domestic freight ton-miles, internationalpassenger-miles, and international freight ton-miles. Air transportation data come from Air Carrier Traffic Statisticsand Air Carrier Financial Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of TransportationStatistics. For petroleum pipeline, BLS relies on data from the Association of Oil Pipelines and derived an outputindex based on trunkline barrel-miles. A barrel-mile is one barrel of petroleum moved through one mile of pipeline.EstimationBLS generally calculates labor productivity by dividing an index of output (in this case, ton-miles) by an index ofhours. Output is derived with a weight adjusted Tornqvist formula that produces an output ratio for one year. BLSthen combines these in a series that produces a chained output index. The hour indexes are developed from data inBLS's Current Employment Statistics (CES; see discussion above for table 3-12) and are the results of dividing theannual aggregate hours for each year by a base-period figure. Readers who need more detail, such as mathematical
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 387 and 388: 161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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