Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

Table 4-44: Estimated National Average Vehicle Emissions Rates per Vehicle by Vehicle Type using Reformulated Gasoline andDiesel (Grams per mile)1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008RFG (assuming 100% RFG)Light-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 1.45 1.28 1.15 1.04 0.97 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.62 0.55 0.47 0.41 0.38 0.35Nonexhaust HC 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.47 0.43Total HC 2.34 2.15 2.01 1.88 1.78 1.48 1.39 1.29 1.21 1.12 1.02 0.92 0.85 0.78Exhaust CO 22.78 20.84 19.43 18.25 17.21 15.36 14.68 13.88 13.17 12.49 11.44 9.81 9.29 8.84Exhaust NO x 1.78 1.64 1.55 1.46 1.35 1.24 1.19 1.12 1.06 1.00 0.90 0.77 0.72 0.66Light-duty trucksExhaust HC 2.09 1.85 1.69 1.55 1.44 1.27 1.18 1.07 0.97 0.89 0.71 0.63 0.59 0.50Nonexhaust HC 0.93 0.91 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.68 0.67 0.64 0.62 0.59 0.56 0.53 0.50 0.47Total HC 3.02 2.75 2.58 2.42 2.29 1.96 1.84 1.71 1.59 1.48 1.28 (R) 1.16 1.09 0.97Exhaust CO 31.86 29.46 27.70 26.19 24.63 22.25 21.09 19.71 17.78 16.66 14.47 15.79 12.03 11.22Exhaust NO x 1.84 1.73 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.47 1.45 1.41 1.36 1.31 1.20 1.07 1.01 0.93Heavy-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 2.14 1.91 1.70 1.48 1.32 1.16 1.03 0.92 0.77 0.70 0.62 0.51 0.45 0.40Nonexhaust HC 1.72 1.64 1.56 1.50 1.43 1.12 1.07 1.03 1.01 0.97 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.73Total HC 3.86 3.55 3.26 2.98 2.75 2.28 2.10 1.96 1.78 1.67 1.51 1.34 1.23 1.13Exhaust CO 46.02 41.15 36.62 32.80 29.12 25.87 22.88 20.41 16.87 15.33 13.89 12.01 11.25 10.41Exhaust NO x 6.13 5.90 5.74 5.57 5.41 5.18 5.01 4.86 4.75 4.63 4.36 3.79 3.39 3.00MotorcyclesExhaust HC 1.69 1.63 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61Nonexhaust HC 0.55 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41Total HC 2.24 2.17 2.16 2.16 2.14 2.04 2.04 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.02Exhaust CO 12.64 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56 12.56Exhaust NO x 1.26 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25DIESELLight-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.76 0.73 0.73 0.60 0.58 0.48 0.36 0.29Exhaust CO 1.69 1.73 1.76 1.78 1.79 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.74 1.59 1.57 1.41 1.21 1.09Exhaust NO x 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85 1.81 1.72 1.62 1.54 1.43 1.32 1.11 0.85 0.69Light-duty trucksExhaust HC 1.67 1.69 1.63 1.51 1.42 1.02 0.88 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.80 0.79 0.63 0.55Exhaust CO 2.85 2.89 2.79 2.60 2.44 1.77 1.54 1.66 1.68 1.68 1.37 1.34 1.06 0.93Exhaust NO x 2.46 2.42 2.31 2.17 2.07 1.76 1.64 1.67 1.66 1.59 1.37 1.30 1.09 0.94Heavy-duty vehiclesExhaust HC 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.69 0.61 0.58 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45Exhaust CO 6.32 5.73 5.23 4.80 4.43 4.10 3.82 3.58 3.37 3.19 3.05 2.90 2.66 2.31Exhaust NO x 20.49 20.24 20.04 19.84 19.14 18.05 16.68 15.52 13.92 12.50 11.45 10.55 9.60 8.61Average Emissions Per Vehicle, RFG and Diesel FleetExhaust HC 1.65 1.46 1.34 1.23 1.15 1.02 0.94 0.86 0.78 0.71 0.60 0.53 0.50 0.44Nonexhaust HC 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49 0.46 0.42Total HC 2.51 2.30 2.16 2.03 1.93 1.64 1.55 1.44 1.35 1.26 1.12 1.02 0.95 0.87Exhaust CO 24.92 22.93 21.56 20.38 19.27 17.44 16.62 15.64 14.43 13.62 12.18 10.66 10.12 9.52Exhaust NO x 3.36 3.24 3.18 3.12 3.02 2.85 2.71 2.58 2.40 2.24 2.06 1.86 1.71 1.57KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hydrocarbon; NOx = nitrogen oxide; RFG = reformulated gasoline; R = revised.NOTESAs of July 1 of each year. Vehicle types are defined as follows: light-duty vehicles (passenger cars up to 6,000 lb gross vehicle weight rating GVWR) ; light-duty trucks (pickups and minivansup to 8,500 lb GVWR); heavy-duty vehicles (8,501 lb or more GVWR); motorcycle (on-highway only). The data in this table are based on MOBILE6, and reflect the introduction of RFG startingin 1995. Interested readers can learn more about the MOBILE6 model at the following USEPA Internet site http://www.epa.gov/otaq/m6.htm.Emissions factors are national averages based on the following assumptions: ambient temperature 75 ºF, daily temperature range 60 -84 ºF, average traffic speed 27.6 mph (representative ofoverall traffic in urban areas), standard operating mode (cold-start, hot-start, stabilized), vehicle-miles traveled fractions and no inspection/maintenance or antitampering programs.Emissions estimates in this table assume 100% RFG.Average emissions per vehicle rates assume a fleet comprised exclusively of reformulated gasoline and diesel vehicles. For emissions estimates of a fleet using gasoline and diesel, see table4-38.SOURCEU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory, personal communication, Nov. 23, 2009.