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Transportation-related government purchases include federal, state, and local purchases of transportation services,and government expenditures on transportation-related structures and equipment. Federal, state, and localpurchases represent the sum of consumption expenditures and gross inventory. Defense-related purchases includeexpenditures on the transportation of materials (care and movement of goods by water, rail, truck, and air); the rentalof trucks and other transportation equipment and warehousing fees; and travel of persons (care and movement ofDepartment of Defense military civilian employees), including tickets for all modes of travel, per diem, taxi fares,automobile rental, and mileage allowances for privately owned vehicles.Further ReferencesThis data source and accuracy statement is based on several papers that have appeared in the SCB. Data users whodesire more methodological detail can refer to the list of references at the end of this chapter.TABLE 3-10. National Transportation and Economic TrendsThe Statistical Abstract of the United States published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, is thesource of the population data. The Current Population Reports are the source of the Abstract's data that are collectedthrough the Current Population Survey (CPS). This is a monthly survey administered by the Census Bureau of ascientifically selected sample representative of the noninstitutional civilian population in 754 areas covering everystate and the District of Columbia. Like other surveys, the CPS is subject to sampling error. Readers should note thatestimates based on the CPS may not agree with census counts because different procedures are used. Changes inthe CPS also mean that annual comparisons must be made with caution. For instance, in 1994, the CPSmethodology was dramatically changed, and the estimates began to incorporate 1990 census population controls,adjusted for the estimated undercount.Industrial production data come from the Industrial Production Index, produced by the Board of Governors of theFederal Reserve System and published in the Economic Report of the President. For annual figures, individualindustrial production (IP) indexes are constructed from a variety of sources, including the quinquennial Censuses ofManufactures and Mineral Industries; the Annual Survey of Manufactures, prepared by the Census Bureau; theMinerals Yearbook, prepared by the U.S. Department of the Interior; and publications of the U.S. Department ofEnergy. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) uses these data in a modeling framework to produce estimates ofindustrial production. Below are brief discussions on three major sources for the IP indexes; the survey ofmanufactures, the census of manufactures, and the electric utility survey.Annual Survey of ManufacturersThe Census Bureau conducts a mail survey of approximately 55,000 manufactures with three different sample strata.The sampling frame is based on previously surveyed firms and is updated annually based partially on IRSadministrative records and other sources. Large manufactures (shipments > $500 million, and > 250 employees),some computer manufacturing firms, and all remaining firms with at least 250 employees are selected.Establishments with employment generally ranging from 20 to 250 employees are sampled with a probabilityproportional to a composite measure of establishment size. Approximately 5,000 of the smallest firms (5 to 20employees) are also sampled and receive a shorter survey instrument. Additional information on the survey, readersshould refer to www.census.gov/econ/www/ma0300.html.Census of ManufacturersThe Census of Manufactures collects data through mail surveys from approximately 237,000 multiunit and single-unitfirms with a minimum payroll figure. This census is supplemented by IRS administrative data from over 142,000 firmsnot contacted by mail. For additional information on the census, readers should refer towww.census.gov/econ/www/ma0100.html.Electric Utility SurveySince 1971, the FRB has conducted the Monthly Survey of Industrial Electricity Use based on responses from utilitiesand manufacturing and mining firms that are cogenerators. This survey is the basis for estimates of the amount ofelectricity power used by 120 industrial sectors. More than 40 industrial production series estimates are based ondata from this survey and compose 28 percent of the Industrial Production Index in 1994 value-added proportions.
Survey responses are voluntary and are gathered from a panel of 175 utilities and 186 cogenerating companies witha monthly response rate near 95 percent. In 1992, an additional 71 new cogenerators joined the panel. This resulted,according to an FRB statistical analysis, in a decrease of the standard deviation of errors for electricity growth ratesfrom 3.0 to 1.9 percentage points. Overall, the estimates for total power use produce a standard error of about 0.5percentage points. The panel accounts for approximately 73 percent of industrial electric power use in the UnitedStates.The Survey of Current Business, published by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, isthe source of GDP estimates. Readers should refer to the source and accuracy statement for tables 3-1 through 3-5for information on GDP estimates.TABLE 3-11. Sales Price of Transportation Fuel to End-UsersThe U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) Monthly Energy Review, tables 9.4 and9.7, provided price data, except for railroad fuel. Pre-1981 data were reported by the EIA from Bureau of LaborStatistics reports. Beginning in 1983, the EIA administered a series of surveys to collect data on petroleum prices,market distribution, supply, and demand. The EIA-782 series encompasses three surveys: 1) Form EIA-782A,Refiners'/Gas Plant Operators' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; 2) Form EIA-782B, Resellers'/Retailers'Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report; and 3) Form EIA-782C, Monthly Report of Prime Supplier Sales ofPetroleum Products Sold for Local Consumption.EIA developed a method for comparing data from the new surveys with older information gathered by variousmethods. As a result, a number of adjustment factors were developed and used to "backcast" price estimates.Readers who require a more detailed description of this methodology should refer to EIA's petroleum datapublications web page (www.eia.doe.gov/oil gas/petroleum/pet frame.html) and the explanatory notes section.Changes in sample elements or collection methods may affect data continuity. Two regulatory changes affected datacollection in October 1993.The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 required that oxygenated gasoline be sold in thewinter months in ozone nonattainment areas. Thus, the EIA-782 forms were modified to collect information on fuelsdivided among conventional, oxygenated, and reformulated categories. Second, requirements for the production andselling of low-sulfur diesel were required and necessitated the separation of diesel fuel into high- and low-sulfurcategories. Moreover, surveys prior to October 1993 did not include propane. The EIA followed several differentsampling designs during two periods in the 1980s and thus, there may be some price estimate discontinuity forperiods between December 1983 and January 1984 as well as between August and September of 1988.Data CollectionThe 782 series occurs on a monthly schedule via mail. The 782A and 782C surveys reflect a census of about 115and 190 firms, respectively. The 782B samples about 2,000 firms. The EIA first stratifies by sales volume for the form782B survey to ensure that dealers with 5 percent or more of the market are captured with certainty. The remainingelements of the frame were assigned a probability of selection to form a 2,200 firm survey. These "noncertainty"companies were poststratified by geographic area and type of sales category.Data ReliabilityEIA has studied its sampling effects on reliability and determined that the sample size of 2,000 should yield a lessthan 1-percent price coefficient of variation in its estimates. Errors can arise because of nonresponse, but an EIAofficial indicated that the response rates for the 1997-1999 782A, B, and C surveys averaged 95 percent, 86 percent,and 96 percent, respectively. Because survey data invariably contain incomplete data (because of reporting errors ornonresponse), EIA estimates or "imputes" missing data. Readers requiring imputation algorithms should refer to the782 series explanatory notes referred to above.TABLE 3-12. Price Trend of Gasoline v. Other Consumer Goods and ServicesData in this table were reproduced from the American Petroleum Institute's (API) Basic Petroleum Data Book. APInoted that data reported prior to 1981 was obtained from Platt's Oil Price Handbook and Oilmanac. Platt's is part ofStandard and Poor's, and an independent third party organization that tracks the petroleum industry. Platt's reportedthe retail price of gasoline based on telephone interviews with gas stations in 55 cities. More detailed historical
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 379 and 380: General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
Page 381 and 382: Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
Page 383 and 384: KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
Page 385 and 386: Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
Page 387 and 388: 161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
Page 389 and 390: SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
Page 391 and 392: SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
Page 393 and 394: Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
Page 395: appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
Page 398 and 399: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 400 and 401: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 402 and 403: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 404 and 405: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 406 and 407: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 408 and 409: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 410 and 411: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 412 and 413: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 414 and 415: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 418 and 419: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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If transportation had been reviewed
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Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
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RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
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multiplied by the average peak peri
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In general, lead emissions are esti
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The number of the people exposed to
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Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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