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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy StatementsChapter 4 Energy and the EnvironmentPETROLEUM SUPPLYTABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and ConsumptionThe petroleum supply system is extremely complicated, with many different processes, products, and entitiesinvolved. Briefly, crude oil is produced or imported, transported to refineries where it is refined into various products,and then transported to markets. Imports and exports of crude oil and products must be accounted for, as must benonpetroleum components of final products, such as natural gas plant liquids and ethanol for gasoline blending.The U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects extensive data at select points inthe petroleum supply system. Sixteen surveys are conducted by EIA's Petroleum Supply Reporting System to trackthe supply and disposition of crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas plant liquids:• five weekly surveys cover refineries (form EIA-800), bulk terminal stocks (form EIA-801), product pipelines(form EIA-802), crude stocks (form EIA-803), and imports (form EIA-804).• eight monthly surveys cover the same five points plus tanker and barge movement (form EIA-817), gasprocessing facilities (form EIA-816), and oxygenates (form EIA-819M).• one survey (form EIA-807) collects propane data on a monthly basis in the warmer months (April-September) and on a weekly basis in the colder months.• one annual survey determines production capacity of oxygenates and fuel ethanol (form EIA-819A), and• one annual survey determines refinery fuel use, capacity, and crude oil receipts by transportation mode(form EIA-820).The five weekly surveys target key points in the petroleum supply system. They do not include all companies, butsample 90 percent of volume at each selected point in the supply system. EIA rank-orders the companies involved inthe survey and sends surveys as it scrolls down the list, stopping when it reaches the 90 percent level. Although 100percent coverage is sacrificed, this method keeps the level of incoming data manageable and avoids burdening thesmallest companies. All data are reviewed and anomalies checked.Monthly surveys provide data that are used in the monthly and annual reports. They are similar to the weeklysurveys, but are more exhaustive in both the range of data collected and the depth of the collection. Sample sizesand response rates for several of the key points in the supply system are shown in table 1.The eight monthly surveyscover the industry more accurately than the weekly surveys and provide some double-check points that the othersurveys do not. EIA expends considerable effort to ensure that its data are as accurate as possible. Revisions aremade throughout the year. For example, EIA's Annual Energy Review 1996, released in July 1997, provided apreliminary 1996 number for total petroleum production of 8.30 million barrels per day (mmbd). The Annual EnergyReview 1997, released a year later, revised that to 8.25 mmbd, and the 1999 Review reported 8.29 mmbd.No complicated survey is likely to be 100 percent accurate. EIA lists four sources of potential systematic errors:1. Some members of the target population are missed. EIA reports that it continually reviews the lists andsearches industry periodicals and newspapers to identify new actors. Considering the nature of thepetroleum industry, it is very unlikely that companies with significant production are not surveyed.2. Some members of the target population do not respond. EIA reports a 97 percent response rate for monthlysurveys. For some points in the supply system, the average response is over 99 percent. Surveyrespondents are required by law to respond, but some nonresponse is inevitable, especially among smallcompanies. EIA assumes that the nonrespondent's value for that month is the same as for the previousmonth except for imports. Since imports vary widely, with respondents frequently having no imports, EIAassumes a nonresponse means zero imports. It can be assumed that EIA is good at "filling in the blanks."
Assuming for illustration purposes that 0.5 percent of production does not respond, and that EIA is 90percent accurate in covering the gap, then there is a possibility of a 0.05 percent error. Applying that to totalproduction of 8.29 mmbd in 1999 suggests that there could be an error of 0.0041 mmbd (4,100 barrels perday), which would not affect the published number.3. The most serious problem may be response error. A company may have poor data, perhaps as a result ofimperfect measurements, or it may transmit the wrong number. EIA has no control over a company's dataquality. Companies have incentive to measure their inputs and products accurately. Otherwise, they may becheating themselves or risking ill will with their customers or suppliers. However, no instrumentation isperfectly accurate. The high throughput of, say, a refinery with capacity of several hundred thousand barrelsper day, with a variety of products changing density and some lost or used on site, is very complicated tomeasure. Instrumentation errors are likely to be systematic at any one site, although they will be more nearlyrandom in the aggregate for all facilities. There is potential for small but significant overall errors.Mistakes may be made in recording and transferring the data. EIA reviews the data and flags gross errors ormissing data for review by the respondent. However, not all errors will be picked up by EIA and/or therespondent. Overall, response errors probably are several times as large as nonresponse errors, but it isbeyond the scope of this profile to estimate them.4. The final potential source of systematic error is in the clarity of the survey form, i.e., whether all respondentsinterpret it correctly. No doubt errors and ambiguities can creep into a form, but at least for petroleumsupply, that does not appear to be a major risk. The supply system is not changing rapidly, and EIA shouldbe able to keep with it and the terminology. However the final digit of EIA's published supply data isquestionable.For additional information on survey methodology and statistical reliability, the reader is referred to the EIA referencecited in the tables or the EIA Internet site at www.eia.doe.gov.FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTIONTABLE 4-1. Overview of U.S. Petroleum Production, Imports, Exports, and ConsumptionTABLE 4-2. U.S. Consumption of Energy from Primary Sources by SectorTABLE 4-3. Domestic Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by SectorTABLE 4-4. U.S. Energy Consumption by the Transportation SectorTABLE 4-7. Domestic Demand for GasolinePetroleum consumption is far more complex to measure than supply. Instead of a few hundred companies at mostmeasuring points in the supply system, there are tens of millions of consumers. It would be impossible for any surveyof individual consumers to produce the high rate of return of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Energy InformationAdministration's (EIA's) supply surveys. EIA's transportation data collection is further limited by the termination of theResidential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). Therefore, EIA uses surveys of sales of products(e.g., Form EIA-821:Annual Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales Report) or tax collection data from the U.S. Department ofTransportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).EIA reviewed the accuracy of its energy consumption data in a 1990 monograph Energy Consumption by End-UseSector, a Comparison of Measures by Consumption and Supply Surveys. Unfortunately, this monograph does notdiscuss the transportation sector because the consumption and supply surveys were not comparable. However,some of the results from other sectors indicate the discrepancies between supply and consumption surveys. Table 4-2 shows the ratio of fuel supplied to the sector to consumption reported by the sector in consumption surveys.In most cases, supply is reported as substantially larger than consumption. Supplies of fuel oil to the commercialsector are reported at almost twice the level of consumption reported by that sector. Some of the discrepancies maybe due to definition differences (e.g., fuel oil for apartment buildings is included in commercial supply surveys but notin consumption surveys.) Overall, however, the differences are too large for great confidence in the accuracy of thedata.
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
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The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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A second data source for air-carrie
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Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
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when data are entered, they are che
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vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
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TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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BEA personal consumption expenditur
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Transportation-related government p
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information on their data collectio
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AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
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The American Public Transit Associa
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Government EmploymentThe Office of
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specifications or equations, should
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Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
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Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
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Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 466 and 467: adherence to federal guidelines reg
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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Page 478 and 479: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503: In general, lead emissions are esti
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