Acknowledgments US Department of Transportation - BTS

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adherence to federal guidelines regarding pavement condition reporting. In 1998, the U.S. General Accounting Officefound that Pavement Condition Index information was available for about 35 percent of NPIAS airports (GAO/RCED-98-226).TABLE 1-26. Median Age of Automobiles and Trucks in Operation in the United StatesThe R.L. Polk Co. is a private enterprise that purchases state registration data to maintain a database of operationalvehicles. Its data represent a near census of registered vehicles in the United States, and the age estimate should beconsidered very reliable.TABLE 1-27. Condition of U.S. Roadways by Functional SystemU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) collects pavement condition data fromeach state through the Highway Performance Monitoring System. The FHWA uses two rating schemes-the PresentServiceability Rating (PSR) and the International Roughness Indicator (IRI). IRI is used to measure the condition ofInterstates, other principal arterials, rural minor arterials, and other National Highway System roadways. PSR is usedto measure the condition of rural major collectors and urban minor arterials and collectors. Rural minor collectors arenot measured. Where IRI data are not reported for sampled sections, the PSR data are collected. Using the PSR,values range from 0.1 to 5.0, where 5.0 denotes new pavement in excellent condition and 0.1 denotes pavement inextremely poor condition. On the IRI scale however, lower values indicate smoother roads (e.g., 170 for interstate pavement in poor condition).The IRI is an objective measure of pavement roughness developed by the World Bank. The PSR is a more subjectivemeasure of a broader range of pavement characteristics and therefore less comparable. Prior to 1993, all pavementconditions were evaluated using PSR values. Beginning with data published in Highway Statistics 1993, the FHWAbegan a transition to the IRI, which should eventually replace the PSR. The change from PSR to IRI makescomparisons between pre-1993 pavement condition data and 1993 and later pavement condition data difficult. Thus,trend comparisons should be made with care.FHWA indicates that the protocol of measuring pavement roughness is not followed by all states, and some did notreport for all required mileage. Totals only reflect those states reporting usable or partially usable data. Columnpercentages may not sum to 100 and may differ slightly from percentages in source tables, which were adjusted sothat they would add to 100.FHWA believes that the IRI data are of "reasonably good quality."TABLE 1-28. Condition of U.S. BridgesThese figures are from the U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), NationalBridge Inventory Database. State highway agencies are required to maintain a bridge inspection program and inspectmost bridges on public roadways at a minimum of every two years. With FHWA approval, certain bridges may beinspected less frequently. A complete file of all bridges is collected and maintained, representing a very reliableassessment of bridge conditions. However, some inaccuracy may be attributable to variations in state inspector'sadherence to the National Bridge Inspection Standards.TABLE 1-29. Average Age of Urban Transit VehiclesTABLE 1-30. Condition of Urban Bus and Rail Transit Maintenance FacilitiesTABLE 1-31. Condition of Rail Transit InfrastructureThese figures are based on information in the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration(FTA), National Transit Database. The legislative requirement for the NTD is found in Title 49 U.S.C. 5335(a). Transitagencies receiving funds through the Urbanized Area Formula Program are generally required to report financial andoperating data, including vehicle inventories. Transit operators that do not report to FTA are those that do not receiveUrbanized Area Formula Funding, typically private, small, and rural operators. The data are generally consideredaccurate because FTA reviews and validates information submitted by individual transit agencies. Reliability may varybecause some transit agencies cannot obtain accurate information or may misinterpret certain data definitions.TABLE 1-32. Class I Railroad Locomotive Fleet by Year Built
The data are from Railroad Facts, published annually by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). Figuresreported by AAR are based on 100-percent reporting by Class I railroads to the Surface Transportation Board (STB)via Schedule 700 of the R1 Annual Report. STB defines Class I railroads as having operating revenues at or above athreshold indexed to a base of $250 million (1991) and adjusted annually in concert with changes in the RailroadFreight Rate Index published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. In 2000, the threshold for Class I railroads was$261.9 million. Declassification from Class I status occurs when a railroad falls below the applicable threshold forthree consecutive years. Although Class I railroads encompasses only 2 percent of the number of railroads in thecountry, they account for over 71 percent of the industry's mileage operated.TABLE 1-33. Age and Availability of Amtrak Locomotive and Car FleetsAmtrak maintains a computer database with a record of every locomotive and car it operates. For each vehicle thoserecords include the year built, its service status (operating or not on a daily basis), and location. These data should beconsidered very reliable.TABLE 1-34. U.S. Flag Vessels by Type and AgeThe data are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Waterborne Transportation Lines of the United States(WTLUS), annual issues. The WTLUS database contains information on vessel operators and characteristics anddescriptions for all domestic vessel operations. Data are collected by the USACE's Navigation Data Center, primarilythrough a survey of vessel operating companies. More than 3,000 surveys are sent to these companies and responserates are typically above 90 percent. However, a USACE official did report that less than 10 percent of the totalnumber of companies operating inland vessel fleets either did not receive and/or did not respond to the annualsurvey.TABLE 1-35. U.S. Vehicle-MilesTABLE 1-36. Roadway Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) and VMT per Lane-Mile by Functional ClassTABLE 1-40. U.S. Passenger-MilesAir Carrier, Certificated, Domestic, All ServicesThe U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of AirlineInformation, reports aircraft revenue-miles and passenger-miles in its publication Air Traffic Statistics. These numbersare based on 100-percent reporting of passengers and trip length by large certificated air carriers. Minor errors arisefrom nonreporting but amount to less than 1 percent of all air carrier passenger-miles. The figures do not include datafor all airlines, such as most scheduled commuter airlines and all nonscheduled commuter airlines. These, if added,may raise total air passenger-miles by about 5 percent.General AviationPassenger-mile numbers for 1975 to present are calculated by adjusting the Interstate Commerce Commission's1974 figure for air passenger-miles by the percentage change in annual hours flown by general aviation aircraft aspublished in the USDOT, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), FAA Statistical Handbook of Aviation. Numbers inthe handbook are based on the General Aviation and Air Taxi Survey (GAATA). In 1993, the GAATA stoppedincluding commuter aircraft. Commuter-miles collected before 1993 by the GAATA were, according to one FAAofficial, woefully underreported. Therefore, problems with the estimate of general aviation aircraft include: a break inthe series between 1992 and 1993, a possible outdated factor used to calculate passenger-miles, and theclassification of commuter operations.HighwayHighway vehicle-miles of travel (vmt) are estimated using data from the Highway Performance Monitoring System(HPMS), a database maintained by FHWA that contains information on highway characteristics supplied by individualstates. Annual vmt by highway functional system is calculated as the product of the annual average daily traffic(AADT) along each highway section, the centerline length of each highway section, and the number of days in the
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NationalTransportationStatistics
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AcknowledgmentsU.S. Department of T
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Table of ContentsINTRODUCTIONTable
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1-56 U.S. Waterborne Freight (Updat
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SECTION E. RAILROAD2-39 Railroad an
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3-35 Transportation Expenditures by
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4-51 Air Pollution Trends in Select
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IntroductionCompiled and published
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SOURCESU.S. resident population, ag
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Table 1-1: System Mileage Within th
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Table 1-3: Number of U.S. Airports
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Table 1-5: U.S. Public Road and Str
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Table 1-7: Number of Stations Serve
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Table 1-9: ADA-Accessible Rail Tran
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Section BVehicle, Aircraft, andVess
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Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliverie
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Table 1-14: U.S. Automobile and Tru
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Table 1-16: Retail a New Passenger
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Table 1-18: Retail Sales of New Car
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Table 1-20: Period Sales, Market Sh
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Table 1-22: Number of Trucks by Wei
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Taiwan U U U 116 132 124 101 113 11
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Section CCondition
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Table 1-26: Average Age of Automobi
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Table 1-28: Condition of U.S. Highw
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Table 1-30: Condition of Urban Bus
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Table 1-32: Class I Railroad Locomo
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Table 1-34: U.S. Flag Vessels by Ty
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Table 1-36: Roadway Vehicle-Miles T
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Table 1-38: Average Length of Haul,
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Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (M
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Table 1-42: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-43: Long-Distance Travel in
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Table 1-45: Air Passenger Travel Ar
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Section DTravel and GoodsMovement
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Table 1-48: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-50: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freig
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Table 1-52: U.S.-Canadian Border La
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Table 1-54: U.S.-Mexican Border Lan
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Table 1-56: U.S. Waterborne Freight
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Table 1-58: Freight Activity in the
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Table 1-60: Value of U.S. Land Expo
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Table 1-61M: Crude Oil and Petroleu
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Table 1-63: U.S. Hazardous Material
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Table 1-64: Passengers Boarded and
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Table 1-66: Flight Operations Arriv
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Table 1-68: Major U.S. Air Carrier
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Table 1-69: Annual Person-Hours of
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Table 1-70: Travel Time IndexShort-
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Table 1-71: Annual Roadway Congesti
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Table 1-73: Amtrak On-Time Performa
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Table 2-1: Transportation Fatalitie
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Table 2-3: Transportation Accidents
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Table 2-5: Highway-Rail Grade-Cross
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Table 2-7: Transportation-Related O
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Section BAir
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Table 2-10: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-12: U.S. Commuter Air Carri
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Table 2-14: U.S. General Aviation a
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Table 2-16b: Prohibited Items Inter
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Section CHighway
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Table 2-18: Motor Vehicle Fatalitie
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Table 2-20: Occupant and Nonmotoris
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Table 2-22: Motorcycle Rider Safety
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Table 2-24: Bus Occupant Safety Dat
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Table 2-26: Fatalities by Highest B
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Table 2-28: Motor Vehicle Fatal Cra
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Table 2-30: Safety Belt and Motorcy
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Section DTransit
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Table 2-33: Transit Safety Data by
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d The number of Unlinked passenger
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Table 2-36: Transit and Grade-Cross
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Table 2-38: Reports of Violent Crim
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KEY: N = data do not exist.a The ki
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Table 2-39: Railroad and Grade-Cros
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Table 2-41: Train Fatalities, Injur
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Table 2-43: Railroad System Safety
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Section FWater
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Table 2-46: Waterborne Transportati
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Table 2-48: Personal Watercraft Saf
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Section GPipeline
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Chapter 3Transportation andthe Econ
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Table 3-2: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-4: U.S. Gross Domestic Prod
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Table 3-6: U.S. Gross Domestic Dema
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Table 3-8: Contributions to Gross D
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Table 3-10: National Transportation
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Table 3-11: Sales Price of Transpor
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Table 3-13: Producer Price Indices
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Table 3-15: Personal Expenditures b
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Table 3-17: Average Cost of Owning
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Table 3-19: Average Passenger Fares
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Table 3-20: Average Passenger Reven
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Table 3-22: Total Operating Revenue
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Table 3-24: Employment in Transport
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Table 3-26: Median Weekly Earnings
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Table 3-28: Labor Productivity Indi
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Table 3-29: Federal, State, and Loc
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Table 3-31: Summary of Transportati
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Table 3-33: Transportation Revenues
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Table 3-35: Transportation Expendit
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Table 3-37: Federal Transportation
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Chapter 4Transportation, Energy,and
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Table 4-2: U.S. Consumption of Ener
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Section BTransportation EnergyConsu
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Table 4-5: Fuel Consumption by Mode
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Table 4-7: Domestic Demand for Gaso
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Table 4-9: Motor Vehicle Fuel Consu
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Table 4-11: Light Duty Vehicle, Sho
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Table 4-13: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-Ti
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Table 4-15: Bus Fuel Consumption an
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Table 4-17: Class I Rail Freight Fu
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Table 4-19: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-20: Energy Intensity of Pas
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Table 4-22: Energy Intensity of Lig
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Table 4-24: Energy Intensity of Tra
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Table 4-26: Energy Intensity of Amt
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Table 4-28: Annual Wasted Fuel Due
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Table 4-29: Annual Wasted Fuel Per
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Section DAir Pollution
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Table 4-31: Federal Exhaust Emissio
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1968-Table 4-33: Federal Exhaust Em
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; HC = hyd
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KEY: CO = carbon monoxide; g = gram
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KEY: bhp = brake horsepower; bhph =
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Table 4-42: Tier 2 Federal Exhaust
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Table 4-44: Estimated National Aver
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Table 4-46: Estimated National Emis
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Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 5 21 4 41 34 31
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Table 4-52: Areas in Nonattainment
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Section EWater Pollution, Noise,and
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Table 4-55: Leaking Underground Sto
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Table 4-57: Number of People Residi
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appendix aMetric ConversionTables
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Table 1-4M: Kilometers of Public Ro
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Table 1-35M: U.S. Vehicle-Kilometer
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Table 1-38M: Average Length of Haul
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a Includes freight, express, and ma
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Table 1-56M: U.S. Waterborne Freigh
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Table 4-3M: Domestic Demand for Ref
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Table 4-6M: Energy Consumption by M
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Table 4-8M: Certificated Air Carrie
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Table 4-11M: Light Duty Vehicle, Sh
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Table 4-13M: Single-Unit 2-Axle 6-T
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Table 4-15M: Bus Fuel Consumption a
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Table 4-17M: Class I Rail Freight F
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Table 4-19M: U.S. Government Energy
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Table 4-21M: Energy Intensity of Ce
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Table 4-23M: Average Fuel Efficienc
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Table 4-25M: Energy Intensity of Cl
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Appendix B: GlossaryAIR CARRIER: A
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Appendix B: GlossaryCOLLISION WITH
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Appendix B: GlossaryFEDERAL ENERGY
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Appendix B: GlossaryINJURY (Rail):
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Appendix B: GlossaryMOTOR BUS (Tran
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Appendix B: GlossaryPERSONAL BUSINE
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Appendix B: GlossarySUBCOMPACT CAR:
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appendix cAcronyms and InitialismsA
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appendix dModal Profiles
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Air Carrier Profile continuedPerfor
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Highway ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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General Aviation ProfileINVENTORY 1
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Motorcycle f f f f 50 50 50 50 50 5
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KEY: R = revised; U = data are unav
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Transit ProfileFINANCIAL 1960 1970
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161960-2006: Fatalities and Injured
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SAFETY d,9Number of fatalities, rai
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SAFETYFatalities in waterborne tran
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Natural Gas Pipeline ProfileFINANCI
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appendix eSource andAccuracy Statem
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agencies receiving funds through th
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solicitations of all federally regu
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Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
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Highway, Total (registered vehicles
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after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
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adherence to federal guidelines reg
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year. Also, expansion factors are u
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PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
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The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 416 and 417: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
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Page 420 and 421: Appendix EData Source and Accuracy
Page 422 and 423: when data are entered, they are che
Page 424 and 425: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 426 and 427: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 428 and 429: BEA personal consumption expenditur
Page 430 and 431: Transportation-related government p
Page 432 and 433: information on their data collectio
Page 434 and 435: AccuracyAs in all surveys, the accu
Page 436 and 437: The American Public Transit Associa
Page 438 and 439: Government EmploymentThe Office of
Page 440 and 441: specifications or equations, should
Page 442 and 443: As mentioned above, the Highway Rev
Page 444 and 445: Highway ExpendituresFederal Highway
Page 446 and 447: consistency between the different m
Page 450 and 451: when data are entered, they are che
Page 452 and 453: vehicles, and 15 were deleted becau
Page 454 and 455: TABLE 2-4. Distribution of Transpor
Page 456 and 457: agencies receiving funds through th
Page 458 and 459: solicitations of all federally regu
Page 460 and 461: Passenger Car, Truck, Bus, and Recr
Page 462 and 463: Highway, Total (registered vehicles
Page 464 and 465: after 1996. Some jurisdictions fail
Page 468 and 469: year. Also, expansion factors are u
Page 470 and 471: PassengerAir CarrierThe U.S. Depart
Page 472 and 473: The data are from Waterborne Commer
Page 474 and 475: The Transborder Surface Freight Dat
Page 476 and 477: A second data source for air-carrie
Page 480 and 481: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 482 and 483: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 484 and 485: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 486 and 487: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 488 and 489: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 490 and 491: The number of the people exposed to
Page 494 and 495: If transportation had been reviewed
Page 496 and 497: Alternative FuelsIn addition to oxy
Page 498 and 499: RailThe data are from Railroad Fact
Page 500 and 501: multiplied by the average peak peri
Page 502 and 503: In general, lead emissions are esti
Page 504 and 505: The number of the people exposed to
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