LAIKU ATÅ ALKAS: Å½URNÄ€LISTIKA, KINO, POLITIKA - Academia

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LAIKU ATŠALKAS: ŽURNĀLISTIKA, KINO, POLITIKAIlze ŠulmaneResearcher, University of Latvia, Department of Communications StudiesPRESS JOURNALISTS IN LATVIA: AMONG SYSTEMS,INFLUENCES, PRACTICESKeywords: Daily press, media models, culture of journalists, post-Soviet journalism, professional rolesThis paper is based on studies of journalists which were conducted between the late 1980sand 2007. The author has analysed the results of these surveys, and she has also conducted indepthinterviews with journalists at six daily newspapers, thus trying to link the micro and macrolevel in journalism, as well as to identify elements of media models as seen in the discourse ofindividual journalists about professional values, the role of the media, journalistic practices,professional identities and ethics.An important cultural barrier in this regard is that there are media outlets in Latvia in twodifferent languages. It is also true that the Russian information space is easily available in Latvia,and this cannot help but have an effect. Among economic barriers, there is the small anddivided market, along with the consolidation of media properties, which reduces the diversityof media content. There is also the problem that high-quality media content costs money. Thepresence of significant competition has encouraged external, not internal pluralism in mediacontent, as well as a split in the professional environment. The studies show that Latvian andRussian journalists lack unified professional criteria to evaluate journalistic practices. Specificissues about professional practices, as opposed to ideal and normative values, lead to more openand diverse answers.The interviews with daily newspaper journalists revealed a market-oriented approach, a senseof mission in terms of serving the needs of the public (or some segment therein), as well as thebelief that the press can be used as a political weapon, with the roles of politicians and journalistsbecoming merged.The discourses of journalists point to all three of these media models. The liberal model ismarked out by declarations from journalists, elements of internal pluralism at individual mediaorganisations, relatively strong professionalization (without an organisation), and the fact thatjournalists do admit to commercial pressure which limits their autonomy. The existence of thepolarised pluralistic model is evidenced by the high level of political parallelism and the factthat journalists focus on political life, formulating commentary as defenders of the public, thelow level of professionalization at some publications, external pluralism, a failure to separatebetween journalistic and political activities, and the citing of the media situation in Italy as apositive example. The democratic corporative model is seen in commentary-focused journalismwith an emphasis on professionalism, the desire of journalists to have a formal organisation,and the fact that journalists hope to have a developed and high-quality newspaper industry withcompeting publications in both languages.219
LAIKU ATŠALKAS: ŽURNĀLISTIKA, KINO, POLITIKAJānis BuholcsDoctoral student, University of Latvia, Department of Communications StudiesONLINE MAGAZINES (BLOGS): IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITIONKeywords: Web magazine, Internet magazine, blog, Internet mediaThe rapid development of Web-based magazines in Latvia and elsewhere has encouragedinterest among scholarly researchers in this area. Currently, the understanding of Internet magazinesinvolves defining them in terms of format, not content. This is a simplified process anddoes not enable a discussion of these magazines as diverse and different types of the media. Themeaning of the words “blog,” “E-moirs” and “Web/Internet magazines” is unclear, and withoutcontext, they do not create any understanding of the subject. The proposal is to differentiateamong different kinds of blogs, as opposed to using a single and general concept.The purpose of this paper is to conceptualise different types of Internet magazines, thusexplaining the various ways in which they are developed and also taking a look at conclusionsfrom scholarly research that has been conducted in this area. The author has reviewed varioustypes of blogs and offered a description of them so as to separate among such concepts as Internetdiaries and the blogs of experts, journalists, private individuals, corporations and differentthemes. The author has cited local examples to offer a general review of Latvia’s “blogosphere.”The paper also offers a linguistic discussion about the concept of a blog, looking at how thisword arrived in the Latvian language and also the views of the Terminology Commission ofthe Latvian Academy of Sciences vis-a-vis the concepts “E-moir,” “blog” and, alternatively,“Internet magazine.”220
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LAIKU ATÅ ALKAS: Å½URNÄ€LISTIKA, KINO, POLITIKA - Academia

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