Reduction and Elimination in Philosophy and the Sciences

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hurried to fix it on the page. The remark to be modified is not in the diary. But if we look at page 12 of the Prototractatus notebook (a page that as in McGuinness’ as in my hypothesis takes place around that period), we find exactly the contested expression: “5.041 In particular a proposition follows from another one if all the truth-grounds of the first are truth-grounds of the second” 6 . Well, the remark is emended with the precise insertion of “the truth of”: “the truth of a proposition follows from the truth of another one”. 7 Here we have two indubitable facts: on June 18 th 1915 Wittgenstein fixed a correction, and at Prototractatus page 12 the same correction took place. There are only two possibilities: or first Wittgenstein stated the amendment in abstract, and then the case took place and he corrected it exactly as stated some time before, or first he wrote the previous form on the Prototractatus, and then reviewed it and remarked the adjustment on the diary. The first case is very unlikely. It’s hard to believe that Wittgenstein decided in abstract such a particular (and indeed not so clear) correction of his thought; that then (a few weeks later, in McGuinness’ hypothesis) twice 8 he made just the “mistake” he had already criticized; and that finally he corrected it following a previous such foresighted purely theoretical amendment. The only effective possibility is that the compilation of Prototractatus page 12 precedes the discovery of the inaccuracy and its record on the diary. Note that the question does not concern only the wording of propositions 5.04 and 5.041 – that at the time, one may think, could have been recorded on some other slip of paper – but properly Prototractatus page 12, because the correction is unquestionably on it. Hence we can conclude that the Prototractatus notebook started before (and not after) the end of the MS102 diary, that in fact contains a reference to its page 12. McGuinness’ hypothesis seems to fall off anyway, but onto the opposite side compared to what Geschkowski argued. 5. Prototractatus first page The Prototractatus compilation was indeed a very slow process, at an average speed of three or four pages a month: the total 120 pages of August 1918 were already 71 as the end of 1916, at least 28 in October 1915, and 12 in June 9 . So we can presume that the starting point was in April or May 1915. In this case, the letter to Russell of May 22 nd 1915 assumes a definite sense. In the previous communication to Russell, in November 1914, Wittgenstein said: “If I should not survive the present war, the manuscript of mine that I showed to Moore at the time will be sent to you, along with another one which I have written now, during the war” [Wittgenstein 1974, p. 62]. The second manuscript is evidently the 1914 diary, whose first 6 As I discuss in (Bazzocchi 2005), this proposition is surprising recurrent in Tractatus’ story. It is quoted, in a double allusive manner, in a note at Prototractatus’ head; besides, it maintains an embarrassing logical error, whose correction involved a correspondence between Ramsey and Wittgenstein, and determined an unsatisfactory adjustment of the entire pass. 7 In German, from: “Insbesondere folgt ein Satz aus einem anderen…” into: “Insbesondere folgt die Wahrheit eines Satzes aus der Wahrheit eines anderen…”. 8 The same correction appears also in the previous statement, 5.04, whose ending (“so sagen wir dieser Satz folge aus der Gesamtheit jener anderen”) becomes: “so sagen wir die Wahrheit dieses Satzes folge aus der Wahrheit der Gesamtheit jener anderen”. The four insertions “die/der Wahrheit” are very evident on the page. 9 I refer to Wittgenstein’s page numeration. Note that the first page of text, with the first fifteen propositions, is numbered as page 3. The Date of Tractatus Beginning — Luciano Bazzocchi notebook was completed in October 30 th . But in May the reference is quite different: “I’m extremely sorry that you weren’t able to understand Moore’s note – Wittgenstein writes – Now, what I’ve written recently will be, I’m afraid, still more incomprehensible. […] If I don’t live to see the end of this war, […] you must get my manuscript printed whether anyone understand it or not”. Here Wittgenstein refers to only one coherent manuscript [“mein Manuskript”], started in the last period [“in der letzten Zeit”], very different and more incomprehensible than the one showed to Moore. This recent writing can hardly be identified with the two wartime notebooks MS101 and MS102, already cited in the previous letter and presented as similar to the pre-war notebook. Besides, this is the first time, despite Russell’s frequent solicitations, that Wittgenstein speaks about printing some work of his – or rather, insists it “must” be printed. After his reluctance to publish anything that is less than perfect, his diaries seem the less indicated works for publication. 10 But the most puzzling reference is the final clause: “The problems are becoming more and more lapidary and general and the method has changed drastically. –” 11 . Wittgenstein wasn’t in the habit of telling something without a good reason. Such a relevant change of method is not detectable in the diary entries, nor in the passage from MS101 to MS102. The method here remains discursive and dubitative, without any increasing “lapidarity”. On the contrary, everyone would say that with the first pages of the Prototractatus “problems become more and more lapidary and general”. Here Wittgenstein cannot refer to the diaries, but to new records (may be also in other sheets or notebooks) which in brief will converge (or are in the process of converging) into the Prototractatus notebook. No doubt that starting from its first page the method does “change drastically”, adopting Tractatus’ top-down numerical structure. So we aren’t far from the truth if we think that the first page of the notebook, the proper Abhandlung starting point, was filled between April and May 1915. 12 This conclusion is not without consequences. If in general the 1915-16 notebooks do not precede the definition of the Abhandlung propositions on the Prototractatus register, nor are they independent and alternative, but accompany it, as a counter-song that discusses its apodictic statements, it’s useful to read the two documents in parallel. It’s essential to hypothesize a definite date scansion of the Prototractatus notebook, and above all to follow the sequence of its itinerary, which – it’s convenient to repeat here – doesn’t have anything in common with Tractatus’ arrangement in sequential order of decimal number. The notebook privileges a top-down process, from high-level sequences to ever deeper reflections; all the skeleton of the arguments is stated before the successive waves of specific comments. 13 In particular, the first twenty-eight pages of the Prototractatus 10 Compare with Hermine’s list, where not the diaries, but only Prototractatus notebook is marked: “for publication”. 11 “Die Probleme werden immer lapidarer und allgemeiner und die Methode hat sich durchgreifend geändert. –”. Surprising, in the “Historical introduction” to the Prototractatus von Wright quotes almost the whole letter, except this revealing conclusion. So von Wright can argue: “What he here calls ‘my manuscript’ is, I conjecture, the manuscript he had shown to Moore and the first two wartime notebooks” (Wittgenstein 1971, p.6). 12 After a consistent period of non-productivity and depression, until April 15th (“Es fällt mir nichts Neues mehr ein! […]Ich kann auf nichts mehr Neues denken”), the encoded journal shows a turn in April 16th (“Ich arbeite”) and 17th (“Arbeite”). A period “of grace” is testified with unusual emphasis at the end of the month: “Ich arbeite” (April 24th), “Arbeite” (26th), “Arbeite! In der Fabrik muß ich jetzt meine Zeit verplempern!!!” (27th), “Arbeite wieder!” (28th), “Die Gnade der Arbeit!” (May 1st). 13 So the Prototractatus structure is very alike the Tractatus hypertext arrangement, in the sense illustrated in [Bazzocchi 2008]. 21
do not correspond to recorded propositions on the diaries, but are in general their structural ancestors. So, it becomes clear how could the 1915-16 notebooks contain so many propositions of detail which will find place, without corrections, in the final work, since at the moment of their first conceiving, the entire structure of reference was already fixed on the contemporary Abhandlung. The Prototractatus stratification sets a series of nuclear prototypes, in some way discussed and commented in the diary, whose inspection can improve the comprehension of the whole enterprise. Literature Bazzocchi, Luciano 2005, “The Strange Case of the Prototractatus Note”, in Time and History – Papers of 28. International Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel, 2005, pp. 24-26. Bazzocchi, Luciano 2006, “About «die letzte Zusammenfassung»” in Cultures: Conflict-Analysis-Dialogue – Papers of the 29th International Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel, pp. 36- 38. 22 The Date of Tractatus Beginning — Luciano Bazzocchi Bazzocchi, Luciano 2007a, “Hypertextual interpretation of the decimals and architectonic hermeneutics of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus”, in The Labyrinth of Language, G.P.Gàlvez ed., Castilla-La Manche, Cuenca, pp. 95-103 Bazzocchi, Luciano 2007b, “A database for a Prototractatus Structural Analysys”, in Philosophy of The Information Society – Papers of the 30th International Wittgenstein Symposium, Kirchberg am Wechsel, pp. 18-20. Bazzocchi, Luciano 2008, “On butterfly feelers. Some examples of surfing on Wittgenstein’s Tractatus”, in Philosophy of the Information Society, Vol. 1, Alois Pichler & Herbert Hrachovec eds., Ontos-Verlag, Frankfurt a.M., 2008, pp. 129-144. Geschkowski, Andreas 2001, Die Entstehung von Wittgensteins Prototractatus, Bern. McGuinness, Brian 2002, “Wittgenstein’s 1916 «Abhandlung»”, in Wittgenstein and the Future of Philosophy, R.Haller, K.Puhl eds., Wien. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1971, 2 1996, Prototractatus, B.F McGuinness, T.Nyberg and G.H. von Wright eds., Routledge & Kegan Paul, London. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1974, Letters to Russell, Keynes and Moore, B.F McGuinness and G.H. von Wright eds., Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Page 1 and 2: 31 Alexander Hieke Hannes Leitgeb H
Page 3 and 4: Reduktion und Elimination in Philos
Page 5 and 6: Distributors Die Österreichische L
Page 7 and 8: 6 Inhalt / Contents Wittgenstein me
Page 9 and 10: 8 Inhalt / Contents The Evolution o
Page 12 and 13: Formal Mechanisms for Reduction in
Page 14 and 15: 4. Property language and theoretica
Page 16 and 17: imperatives, or commands in the for
Page 18 and 19: Referential Practice and the Lure o
Page 20 and 21: The Augustinian account confuses mo
Page 24 and 25: The Essence (?) of Color, According
Page 26 and 27: Literature Austin, James 1980 “Wi
Page 28 and 29: Wittgenstein’s Externalism - Gett
Page 30 and 31: Informal Reduction E.P. Brandon, Ca
Page 32 and 33: An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
Page 34 and 35: An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
Page 36 and 37: Did I Do It? -Yeah, You Did! Wittge
Page 38 and 39: Literature Did I Do It? -Yeah, You
Page 40 and 41: tween the two approaches. The task
Page 42 and 43: On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
Page 44 and 45: On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
Page 46 and 47: Queen Victoria’s Dying Thoughts T
Page 48 and 49: Diagonalization. The Liar Paradox,
Page 50 and 51: Proof: Given a function ƒ from con
Page 52 and 53: that I am sure that it is true that
Page 54 and 55: experiencing something as a red pen
Page 56 and 57: There can be Causal without Ontolog
Page 58 and 59: There can be Causal without Ontolog
Page 60 and 61: objects. But they also leave unansw
Page 62 and 63: The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
Page 64 and 65: The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
Page 66 and 67: lent. It also implies that an inven
Page 68 and 69: The Scapegoat Theory of Causality M
Page 70 and 71: We may have evolved a specialized c
Page 72 and 73:
easoning have their source in the l
Page 74 and 75:
Wittgenstein on Frazer and Explanat
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genstein 1993, p. 143). In order to
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an adequate syntactic analysis of o
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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3. Der Elementarsatz wird als Relat
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Literatur Glock, Hans Johann 2006
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Explaining the Brain: Ruthless Redu
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Occam’s Razor in the Theory of Th
Page 92 and 93:
Literature Campbell, Donald T. 1987
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Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit der klassi
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Literatur Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit
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Let T I be the minimal theory of tr
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Does Bradley’s Regress Support No
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(3) Mutatis mutandis, realism has t
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Zeitliche Ontologie und zeitliche R
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Betrachtung ontologischer Fragen, M
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The decisive consequences of this a
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Benacerraf and Bad Company (An Atta
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offer a solution to the bad company
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Literature Benacerraf, Paul 1965
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"PA" by using "PA* ", at least at t
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Hard Naturalism and its Puzzles Ren
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The Mind-Body-Problem and Score-Kee
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mental properties, for instance, or
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kommt es zu einem gravierenden Miss
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Reduction Revisited: The Ontologica
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4. Conclusion Reduction Revisited:
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All in all, we have seen that reduc
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Physicalism Without the A Priori Pa
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Literature Cartwright, Nancy 1999:
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Wittgensteins Projektionsmethode al
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Schlussbemerkungen Wittgensteins Pr
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intentional states requires functio
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Relating Theories. Models and Struc
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Literature Relating Theories. Model
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e invoked in response to the questi
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Do Brains Think? Christopher Humphr
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4. Conclusion So do brains think or
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How Metaphors Alter the World-Pictu
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The Modal Supervenience of the Conc
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Literature van der Auwera, Johan an
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3. The Determination of Form by Syn
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Zwischen Humes Gesetz und „Sollen
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Page 164 and 165:
Assessing Humean Supervenience Amir
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determination thesis; it fails as a
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Aus der obigen Definition folgt, da
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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How do Moral Principles Figure in M
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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A with distinguished subset Z of te
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A Metaphysically Moderate Version o
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Literature Balashov, Yuri 2002 ''Wh
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“In der Frage liegt ein Fehler”
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Problems with Psychophysical Identi
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identity theory, or as a predecesso
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of the world. It only matters that
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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notion of time and requires that so
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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concrete particulars can be subject
Page 206 and 207:
phenomenal concept of experiencing
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Metaphorische Bedeutung als virtus
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speaker is then attaching a special
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„Vom Weißdorn und vom Propheten
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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S4) the necessity of arithmetic is
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Getting out from Inside: Why the Cl
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Dispensing with Particulars: Unders
Page 224 and 225:
Literature Dispensing with Particul
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Reichenbach’s Concept of Logical
Page 228 and 229:
Defining Ontological Naturalism Mar
Page 230 and 231:
Literature Jackson, Frank 1986. “
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properties are located. This proces
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‘our conceptual scheme’ “is c
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Properties and Reduction between Me
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Does this mean that metaphysics sho
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do not pick out pain in a system by
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The Writing of Nietzsche and Wittge
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his teachings. He coincides with hi
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sense of a proposition without firs
Page 248 and 249:
Naturalistic Ethics: A Logical Posi
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Literature Kant, Immanuel 2006 Crit
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What we now require is a bridge the
Page 254 and 255:
Species, Variability, and Integrati
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could mention the many sorts of iso
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to work this way. Classic examples
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The Key Problems of KC Matteo Pleba
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have embraced the myth of prose: it
Page 264 and 265:
5. Prior’s Problem As Patrick Bla
Page 266 and 267:
Reductionism in Axiology: the Case
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developing of cancer tissue in huma
Page 270 and 271:
(2) One-way Nagelian bridge princip
Page 272 and 273:
Rethinking the Modal Argument again
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Rethinking the Modal Argument again
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that we are to find the features we
Page 278 and 279:
Atypical Rational Agency Paul Raymo
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Literature Anscombe, G. E. M. 1957
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situation bieten sich keine Kriteri
Page 284 and 285:
Two Reductions of ‘rule’ Dana R
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one that could take place, but does
Page 288 and 289:
physics is not able to make, since
Page 290 and 291:
Wittgenstein’s Attitudes Fabien S
Page 292 and 293:
view of logic, in accordance with h
Page 294 and 295:
Warum man auf transzendentalphiloso
Page 296 and 297:
Making the Mind Higher-Level Elizab
Page 298 and 299:
Literature Churchland, P. M. (1995)
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Page 302 and 303:
Mental Causation: A Lesson from Act
Page 304 and 305:
Again, this is mistaken. Non-reduct
Page 306 and 307:
auf alle Arten von kontingenten Pro
Page 308 and 309:
Reduction, Sets, and Properties Ben
Page 310 and 311:
Literature Egan, Andy (2004): ‘Se
Page 312 and 313:
there is a tension between evaluati
Page 314 and 315:
The Elimination of Meaning in Compu
Page 316 and 317:
sufficient to explain all of the em
Page 318 and 319:
that 'A' and 'A' could never be tok
Page 320 and 321:
the necktie sense) can differ in wh
Page 322 and 323:
Supervenience and ‘Should’ Arto
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word 'norm' can be thought to expre
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Rule-following as Coordination: A G
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vast majority are bent: gruesome, g
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human life, the violent condition o
Page 332 and 333:
A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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could then deduce (1c) and conclude
Page 338 and 339:
Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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A somewhat Eliminativist Proposal a
Page 344 and 345:
Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
Page 346 and 347:
Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
Page 352 and 353:
that he was working on a translatio
Page 354 and 355:
Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Let us take the example of the hypo
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Reducing Sets to Modalities Rafał
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variables ai that (under an interpr
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Are Lamarckian Explanations Fully R
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A Note on Tractatus 5.521 Nuno Vent
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And he goes on saying, referring to
Page 370 and 371:
The Place of Theory Reduction in th
Page 372 and 373:
Ethik als irreduzibles Supervenienz
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unabhängig von denen ihrer Mitglie
Page 376 and 377:
Das ‘schwierige Problem’ des Be
Page 378 and 379:
The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
Page 380 and 381:
The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
Page 382 and 383:
their relations both to the physica
Page 384 and 385:
On the Characterization of Objects
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On the Characterization of Objects
Page 388 and 389:
The Functional Unity of Special Sci
Page 390 and 391:
size, location, temporal characteri
Page 392 and 393:
Transcendental Philosophy and Mind-
Page 394 and 395:
From Topology to Logic. The Neural
Page 396 and 397:
From Topology to Logic. The Neural
Page 398 and 399:
The Calculus of Inductive Construct
Page 400 and 401:
The Four-Color Theorem, Testimony a
Page 402 and 403:
experience. Of course, a detailed a
Page 404 and 405:
Clearly x = y → x = ext y holds,
Page 406 and 407:
Intentional Fundamentalism Petri Yl
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The second dimension to be consider
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The very existence of the special s
Page 412 and 413:
Heil, J. (1999), “Multiple Realiz
Page 414 and 415:
independent of what is the fact, fa
Page 416 and 417:
415
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Publications of the Austrian Ludwig
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