Reduction and Elimination in Philosophy and the Sciences

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Literature Austin, James 1980 “Wittgenstein's Solutions to the Color Exclusion Problem”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 41, 142-149. Davidson, Donald 1974 “On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme”, Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 47, 5-20. Gier, Nicholas F. 1981 Wittgenstein and Phenomenology, Albany. Goethe, J.W. 2003 Farbenlehre, Stuttgart. Kienzler, Wolfgang 1997 Wittgensteins Wende zu seiner Spätphilosophie: 1930-32, Frankfurt a.M. Lance, Mark 1998 “Some Reflections on the Sport of Language”, in James Tomberlin (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives, 12: Language, Mind, and Ontology, Oxford. The Essence (?) of Color, According to Wittgenstein — Ondřej Beran Rorty, Richard 1991 Contingency, Irony and Solidarity, Cambridge. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1929 “Some Remarks on Logical Form”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Suppl. vol. 9, 162-171. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1964 Philosophische Bemerkungen, Oxford. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1958 Philosophische Untersuchungen, Oxford. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1992 Werkausgabe Band 8, Frankfurt a.M. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1993 Tractatus logico-philosophicus, Praha. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2000 The Big Typescript, Wien. Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2005 The Blue and Brown Books, Oxford. 25
Wittgenstein’s Externalism – Getting Semantic Externalism through the Private Language Argument and the Rule-Following Considerations Cristina Borgoni, Granada, Spain I. Since Kripke has defended that “the real ‘private language argument’ [P.L.A.] is to be found in the sections preceding § 243” (Kripke, 1982, p. 3) of Philosophical Investigation [PI], it has become an imperative – for those who want to enter the discussion - to figure out its relation to the rulefollowing argument [R.F.A]. In this paper, I will maintain that both arguments are connected to each other, but not in the Kripkean sense. By doing this, I will be able to offer a double externalist interpretation to them. On the one side, the P.L.A., when considered as independent from the R.F.A, will lead us to a negative formulation of the externalist thesis, through a reductio ad absurdum of the internalist conception of the mental. On the other side, when both arguments are considered as concerning to the same question, they will lead us to a positive defence of the externalism. I will take externalism as the position that defends that mental contents are individuated with reference to external factors to the mind. II. A great part of the discussion about the P.L.A. is centred in the case proposed by § 258. A case where we are asked to imagine ourselves writing in a diary the occurrence of a certain “private” sensation. In this diary, we should write the sign “S” every time we had that sensation. Wittgenstein warns us with respect to the traits of this exercise: “(…) The individual words of this language are to refer to what can only be known to the person speaking; to his immediate private sensations. So another person cannot understand the language (Wittgenstein, 1953, § 243). The notion of private language criticized by Wittgenstein involves several questions; the question about completely private experiences (in the sense that no one could have access to them but its owner), the question about the development of a language able to describe such experiences, and, the question about the possibility of a language understood only by its creator. When Wittgenstein argues against the idea of a private language, he is arguing against such notions. Furthermore, he is arguing against a specific theory of language, that one which supposes that an ostensive connection between a word and a sensation (or between a word and an object) is sufficient to establish a meaning. § 258 leads us to the ultimate consequences of thinking in those terms: (…) A definition surely serves to establish the meaning of a sign. —Well, that is done precisely by the concentrating of my attention; for in this way I impress on myself the connexion between the sign and the sensation. —But "I impress it on myself" can only mean: this process brings it about that I remember the connexion right in the future. But in the present case I have no criterion of correctness. One would like to say: whatever is going to seem right to 26 me is right. And that only means that here we can't talk about 'right' (Wittgenstein, PI, § 258). There are those who have interpreted such an argument as dealing with a skeptical problem about memory. Such an interpretation says that, although an ostensive definition can be made plausible, the problem is how to warrant the future connection between the sensation “S” to its name. However, it seems that this kind of skeptical problem is not the core of Wittgenstein’s argument (Gert, 1986, p. 429). In the case proposed by § 258, the problem is not to apply the same word I am using now in the future, nor it is about how to remember the way I have used it in the past; more than that, the problem is that even in the current case we are not allowed to say that any meaning was established at all. Another interpretation of the P.L.A. is the known defence by Kripke, that P.L.A. is not but a particular case of the R.F.A., an argument that leads us to another skeptical paradox. The R.F.A. can be exemplified with the case proposed in § 185. In such a case, a pupil is taught to write down the series of cardinal numbers of the form 0, n, 2n, 3n, etc, at an order of the form “+n”. “So at the order ‘+ 1’ he writes down the series of natural numbers” (Wittgenstein, PI § 185). We are asked to suppose that the pupil has been tested up to 1000. Then, the pupil is asked to follow the series beyond 1000 and following the order “+2”. He writes 1000, 1004, 1008, 1012. We say to him: "Look what you've done!"—He doesn't understand. We say: "You were meant to add two: look how you began the series!"—He answers: "Yes, isn't it right? I thought that was how I was meant to do it."—Or suppose he pointed to the series and said: "But I went on in the same way."—It would now be no use to say: "But can't you see....?" —and repeat the old examples and explanations (Wittgenstein, PI § 185). Kripke indicates that the core of the R.F.A. is to demonstrate that “[a]dequate reflection on what it is for an expression to possess a meaning would betray (…) that that fact could not be constituted by any of those”; by any “available facts potentially relevant to fixing the meaning of a symbol in a given speaker’s repertoire” (Boghossian, 1989, p. 508). Under this interpretation, § 185 proposes a skeptical paradox in similar terms to what seems to be suggested in the following aphorism: This was our paradox: no course of action could be determined by a rule, because every course of action can be made out to accord with the rule. The answer was: if everything can be made out to accord with the rule, then it can also be made out to conflict with it. And so there would be neither accord nor conflict here (…) (Wittgenstein, PI § 201). Although this aphorism continues saying that “It can be seen that there is a misunderstanding here from the mere fact that in the course of our argument we give one interpretation after another” (Wittgenstein, PI § 201),
Page 1 and 2: 31 Alexander Hieke Hannes Leitgeb H
Page 3 and 4: Reduktion und Elimination in Philos
Page 5 and 6: Distributors Die Österreichische L
Page 7 and 8: 6 Inhalt / Contents Wittgenstein me
Page 9 and 10: 8 Inhalt / Contents The Evolution o
Page 12 and 13: Formal Mechanisms for Reduction in
Page 14 and 15: 4. Property language and theoretica
Page 16 and 17: imperatives, or commands in the for
Page 18 and 19: Referential Practice and the Lure o
Page 20 and 21: The Augustinian account confuses mo
Page 22 and 23: hurried to fix it on the page. The
Page 24 and 25: The Essence (?) of Color, According
Page 28 and 29: Wittgenstein’s Externalism - Gett
Page 30 and 31: Informal Reduction E.P. Brandon, Ca
Page 32 and 33: An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
Page 34 and 35: An Anti-Reductionist Argument Based
Page 36 and 37: Did I Do It? -Yeah, You Did! Wittge
Page 38 and 39: Literature Did I Do It? -Yeah, You
Page 40 and 41: tween the two approaches. The task
Page 42 and 43: On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
Page 44 and 45: On Two Recent Defenses of The Simpl
Page 46 and 47: Queen Victoria’s Dying Thoughts T
Page 48 and 49: Diagonalization. The Liar Paradox,
Page 50 and 51: Proof: Given a function ƒ from con
Page 52 and 53: that I am sure that it is true that
Page 54 and 55: experiencing something as a red pen
Page 56 and 57: There can be Causal without Ontolog
Page 58 and 59: There can be Causal without Ontolog
Page 60 and 61: objects. But they also leave unansw
Page 62 and 63: The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
Page 64 and 65: The Knower Paradox and the Quantifi
Page 66 and 67: lent. It also implies that an inven
Page 68 and 69: The Scapegoat Theory of Causality M
Page 70 and 71: We may have evolved a specialized c
Page 72 and 73: easoning have their source in the l
Page 74 and 75: Wittgenstein on Frazer and Explanat
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genstein 1993, p. 143). In order to
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an adequate syntactic analysis of o
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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Wittgenstein meets ÖGS: Wovon man
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3. Der Elementarsatz wird als Relat
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Literatur Glock, Hans Johann 2006
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Explaining the Brain: Ruthless Redu
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Occam’s Razor in the Theory of Th
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Literature Campbell, Donald T. 1987
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Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit der klassi
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Literatur Die Nichtreduzierbarkeit
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Let T I be the minimal theory of tr
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Does Bradley’s Regress Support No
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(3) Mutatis mutandis, realism has t
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Zeitliche Ontologie und zeitliche R
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Betrachtung ontologischer Fragen, M
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The decisive consequences of this a
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Benacerraf and Bad Company (An Atta
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offer a solution to the bad company
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Literature Benacerraf, Paul 1965
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"PA" by using "PA* ", at least at t
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Hard Naturalism and its Puzzles Ren
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The Mind-Body-Problem and Score-Kee
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mental properties, for instance, or
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kommt es zu einem gravierenden Miss
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Reduction Revisited: The Ontologica
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4. Conclusion Reduction Revisited:
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All in all, we have seen that reduc
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Physicalism Without the A Priori Pa
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Literature Cartwright, Nancy 1999:
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Wittgensteins Projektionsmethode al
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Schlussbemerkungen Wittgensteins Pr
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intentional states requires functio
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Relating Theories. Models and Struc
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Literature Relating Theories. Model
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e invoked in response to the questi
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Do Brains Think? Christopher Humphr
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4. Conclusion So do brains think or
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How Metaphors Alter the World-Pictu
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The Modal Supervenience of the Conc
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Literature van der Auwera, Johan an
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3. The Determination of Form by Syn
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Zwischen Humes Gesetz und „Sollen
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Assessing Humean Supervenience Amir
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determination thesis; it fails as a
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Aus der obigen Definition folgt, da
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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Ding-Ontology of Aristotle vs. Sach
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How do Moral Principles Figure in M
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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“Downward Causation”: Emergent,
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A with distinguished subset Z of te
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A Metaphysically Moderate Version o
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Literature Balashov, Yuri 2002 ''Wh
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“In der Frage liegt ein Fehler”
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Problems with Psychophysical Identi
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identity theory, or as a predecesso
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of the world. It only matters that
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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Four Anti-reductionist Dogmas in th
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notion of time and requires that so
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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Some Remarks on Wittgenstein and Ty
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concrete particulars can be subject
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phenomenal concept of experiencing
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Metaphorische Bedeutung als virtus
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speaker is then attaching a special
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„Vom Weißdorn und vom Propheten
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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„Die Einheit hören“ - Einige
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S4) the necessity of arithmetic is
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Getting out from Inside: Why the Cl
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Dispensing with Particulars: Unders
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Literature Dispensing with Particul
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Reichenbach’s Concept of Logical
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Defining Ontological Naturalism Mar
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Literature Jackson, Frank 1986. “
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properties are located. This proces
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‘our conceptual scheme’ “is c
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Properties and Reduction between Me
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Does this mean that metaphysics sho
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do not pick out pain in a system by
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The Writing of Nietzsche and Wittge
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his teachings. He coincides with hi
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sense of a proposition without firs
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Naturalistic Ethics: A Logical Posi
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Literature Kant, Immanuel 2006 Crit
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What we now require is a bridge the
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Species, Variability, and Integrati
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could mention the many sorts of iso
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to work this way. Classic examples
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The Key Problems of KC Matteo Pleba
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have embraced the myth of prose: it
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5. Prior’s Problem As Patrick Bla
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Reductionism in Axiology: the Case
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developing of cancer tissue in huma
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(2) One-way Nagelian bridge princip
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Rethinking the Modal Argument again
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Rethinking the Modal Argument again
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that we are to find the features we
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Atypical Rational Agency Paul Raymo
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Literature Anscombe, G. E. M. 1957
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situation bieten sich keine Kriteri
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Two Reductions of ‘rule’ Dana R
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one that could take place, but does
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physics is not able to make, since
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Wittgenstein’s Attitudes Fabien S
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view of logic, in accordance with h
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Warum man auf transzendentalphiloso
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Making the Mind Higher-Level Elizab
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Literature Churchland, P. M. (1995)
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Mental Causation: A Lesson from Act
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Again, this is mistaken. Non-reduct
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auf alle Arten von kontingenten Pro
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Reduction, Sets, and Properties Ben
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Literature Egan, Andy (2004): ‘Se
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there is a tension between evaluati
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The Elimination of Meaning in Compu
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sufficient to explain all of the em
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that 'A' and 'A' could never be tok
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the necktie sense) can differ in wh
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Supervenience and ‘Should’ Arto
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word 'norm' can be thought to expre
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Rule-following as Coordination: A G
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vast majority are bent: gruesome, g
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human life, the violent condition o
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A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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A Division in Mind. The Misconceive
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could then deduce (1c) and conclude
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Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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Neutral Monism. A Miraculous, Incoh
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A somewhat Eliminativist Proposal a
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Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
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Impliziert der intentionale Redukti
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
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Structure of the Paradoxes, Structu
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that he was working on a translatio
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Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Objects of Perception, Objects of S
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Let us take the example of the hypo
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Reducing Sets to Modalities Rafał
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variables ai that (under an interpr
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Are Lamarckian Explanations Fully R
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A Note on Tractatus 5.521 Nuno Vent
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And he goes on saying, referring to
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The Place of Theory Reduction in th
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Ethik als irreduzibles Supervenienz
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unabhängig von denen ihrer Mitglie
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Das ‘schwierige Problem’ des Be
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The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
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The Supervenience Argument, Levels,
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their relations both to the physica
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On the Characterization of Objects
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On the Characterization of Objects
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The Functional Unity of Special Sci
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size, location, temporal characteri
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Transcendental Philosophy and Mind-
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From Topology to Logic. The Neural
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From Topology to Logic. The Neural
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The Calculus of Inductive Construct
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The Four-Color Theorem, Testimony a
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experience. Of course, a detailed a
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Clearly x = y → x = ext y holds,
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Intentional Fundamentalism Petri Yl
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The second dimension to be consider
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The very existence of the special s
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Heil, J. (1999), “Multiple Realiz
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independent of what is the fact, fa
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415
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Publications of the Austrian Ludwig
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